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The Civil War The Nation Divided Lincoln’s Inauguration March 4, 1861, 2 weeks after Jefferson Davis is sworn in as the President of the Confederacy. Threat was looming at Ft. Sumter in South Carolina. The issue of slavery still on the minds of loyal slave states: Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Virginia (secedes April 1861), Tennessee (secedes May 1861), and North Carolina (secedes May 1861) Lincoln’s Dilemma Confederate troops demand Ft. Sumter turned over to them What are Lincoln’s options? If Lincoln sends in troops, this may make him responsible for war BUT if he evacuates Fort it may appear he recognizes the CSA as a nation Fortunately, on April 12, 1861 Rebel forces fire on Ft. Sumter --> Lincoln does not have to make the decision, Davis declares war. On The Eve of War…. Who is more prepared? Prediction based on numbers? 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Population Union Confederacy Merchant Ships Banking Capital Strategy Union: The Anaconda Plan Step 1: Navy will blockade Southern ports so they cannot export/import goods Step 2: Union riverboats on the Mississippi Rv. will split the South in two Step 3: Capture Confederate capital: Richmond, VA The alliance that ALMOST was…. 1861, Confederates appealed to Britain for an alliance. They sent 2 ambassadors on a British merchant ship. Problem: Federal navy boards ship and arrests diplomats. Britain lines troops up on Canadian Border-known as The Trent Affair Result: Lincoln apologizes and returns diplomats, Britain relieved, do not enter an alliance How might the war have been different? Britain forsaking views on slavery for southern cotton War in the East 1861-1862 Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) July 21, 1861 Confederate Victory-Union Troops attempting to make their way to Confederate Capital Conf.General T. Jackson earns name Stonewall as he holds his troops firm. Southerners confident that war will be short and they will be victorious. Seven Days Battle and Antietam April 1862 Seven Days BattleConfederate Victory Federal Gen. McClellan wants to capture Richmond Spends too much time planning and strategizing Conf. Gen. Lee defeats him using unorthodox strategies and less troops, but with greater causalities Antietam-Stalemate Lee follows McClellan toward Union capital Lee retreats and McClellan does not follow, this could have ended the war. Lincoln fires him 26,000 lives lost, more that War of 1812 and war with Mexico combined. Who is General Robert E. Lee? Confederate General he was Lincoln’s number one choice for head of Union army but turns it down out of loyalty to the South Hero from MexicanAmerican War and squashed John Brown’s uprising at Harper’s Ferry Home was surrendered and is today Arlington National Cemetery War in the West 1861-1862 Battle of Shiloh, April 1862 Union Victory Surprise attack on the Federalist troops Led by Union Gen. Grant Victory here allows for Grant to control the Mississippi River Lesson: Need to have strategic planning, i.e. scouts, trenches and fortification needed Who is Grant? Union General, fought in Mexican-American War, though he did not believe in the cause Left war because he missed his family Called “Unconditional Surrender” because he will only accept unconditional and immediate surrender Idea of total war President 1869-1877 Battle of New Orleans, 1862 Admiral Farragut launches naval attack against the important port city of New Orleans. Took the city in 5 days Now cut off port and had total control Mississippi River and have split the South in two, with the exception of Vicksburg and Port Hudson left in Confederate control, perched high on a bluff Women in the Civil War The Fear Southern women were called upon by Jefferson Davis to rally their men to war The cartoon is a piece of Southern propaganda Women’s Roles Spies: a number of women, both Union and Confederate took on the roles of spy or soldier, I.e. Harriet Tubman and Rose O’Neal Nurses: Clara Barton, Union Nurse, sets up the Red Cross and helps the wounded on the battlefield. In the South nothing formal is established but work long hours in grueling conditions Retaliation Southern women, especially in occupied areas began to retaliate against their oppressors. In April of 1862 General Benjamin Butler issued orders to the women of New Orleans in response to their behavior toward Union troops, i.e. spitting on them and pouring waste out of the window onto them Retaliation Butler’s proclamation stated: "As the officers and soldiers of the United States have been subjected to repeated insults from the women (calling themselves ladies) of New Orleans, in return for the most scrupulous noninterference and courtesy on our part, it is ordered that hereafter when any female shall, by word, gesture, or movement, insult or show contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States, she shall be regarded and held liable to be treated as a woman of the town plying her avocation." War in the East 1863-1864 Gettysburg-May 1863 After the Battle of Chancelorsville, Lee follows Union troops. He needs supplies and can only get them in the North Day 1: Looks like a Confederate victory Day 2: Rebel loss for the day, tired from 25 mile walk the day before and literal uphill battle. Day 3: South pummeled by Northern artillery and retreat. Union victory 23,000 Federal casualties and 28,000 Confederate casualties Turning point in the war The next day, Vicksburg Grant sent troops to destroy railways in Central Mississippi to distract from Vicksburg The first attack fails Then Grant barrages the city with artillery Eventually Confederates, after months of siege and low supplies, surrender Grant now has Confederacy cut in two Turning point Massachusetts 54th Regiment The real Robert Gould Shaw of the 54th Died in battle at Ft. Wagoner in South Carolina The Final Nail-Sherman 1864-65 Sherman’s March Sherman is appointed by Grant Believes in total war, meaning war against civilians Grant heads to Virginia to stop Lee Grant tells Lincoln “whatever happened there will be no turning back” Grant loses 60,000 men from May to June “WAR IS ALL HELL” Sherman’s March Sherman heads towards Atlanta, destroys railroads and burns the city to the ground Then he heads to the sea to Savanna and then to Columbia S.C. Sherman then rejoins Grant in Virginia Victories in 1864 lead to the re-election of Lincoln SURRENDER!! On April 9, 1865 General’s Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House, VA to end the war. The Confederacy surrender and Grant, under Lincoln’s orders agrees to generous terms Lincoln’s Assassination On April 14, 1865 Abraham Lincoln, while attending a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. was killed by John Wilkes Booth Booth was a member of a prominent acting family He was opposed to abolition and giving blacks the right to vote The Plot Booth plotted the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson, Sec. of State William Seward. Seward was injured in the attack but survived his wounds The assassin for Johnson got cold feet and never followed through with the plan Lincoln’s Assassination Booth, an actor and not out of place in the theater, went up to Lincoln’s box. He stayed outside for a time and then drew his gun and shot Booth then jumped off the balcony on to the stage yelling “sic temper tyrannis,” thus always to tyrants. Lincoln’s Assassination Booth is captured 12 days later in Virginia. There he is shot by a soldier, reportedly not given the order to do so. 8 other people are implicated as conspirators and are hung. The Nation Mourns