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The Civil War A Mr. V Presentation I. The Beginning • Lincoln is elected in 1860. South Carolina secedes from the Union. • Georgia, Virginia, N. Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, LA, TN, Arkansas, & Florida follow. • By firing at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, the South began the Civil War. • Union = North (no slaves). Confederate = South (slaves). • Slave states that stayed in Union = Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, & Missouri Map Union Advantages 1. More people 2. More raw materials (for guns, uniforms, etc.) 3. More money (banks) 4. More railroad tracks (to ship goods) 5. Larger navy Union Disadvantages 1. In order to bring the Southern states back into the Union it would have to invade and hold the South. 2. Many people believed the South had a good chance of winning. Merrimack B. Confederate Resources 1. 2. 3. 4. Home court advantage Smaller supply lines Military tradition Better (at first) generals and soldiers 5. King Cotton diplomacy (get Europe on their side) Confederate Disadvantages 1. a smaller population 2. few factories 3. fewer resources, including an inferior railroad system with fewer than half the miles of track and fewer trains than the North 4. belief in states’ right that limited a strong central government’s power Presidents: Union • Abraham Lincoln (Republican) • Declared Martial Law (writ of habeas corpus) • Patient leader President: Confederacy • Jefferson Davis • Thought himself a military strategist • Difficult to govern the Confederacy • Why? Generals: Union • U.S. Grant • William T. Sherman Generals: Confederate 1. Robert E. Lee 2. Extremely smart southern general 3. Placed greater loyalty in his home state (Virginia) than the federal gov’t. Thus he fought for the south Early Years of the War Section 2 Introduction • Both sides planned to capture the other nation’s capital • Union capital = Washington D.C. • Confederate = Richmond (Virginia) 1st Bull Run Battle (CS Victory) • Union expected Confederate to retreat quickly. People actually brought picnic lunches. • General Jackson (CS) helped to defeat the Union, which fled to Washington DC • Ended Union hope of a quick defeat of the South. • Lincoln appoint Gen. George McClellan in charge of the army. Major Battles • Shiloh (Union Victory) – Ulysses Grant (US) – 13,000 Union died, 11,000 Confederate • Antietam (US sort of) – General Lee (CS) & General McClellan (US) – Bloodiest day of Civil War: 5,000 Killed + 18,000 wounded – Lee forced to retreat • Fredericksburg (CS victory) – US lost twice as many men as CS Shiloh Antietam Fredericksburg Union Blockade • Blockade = block ships from landing • Within 1 ½ year, US blocked most CS ports • CS captured ironclad warship Merrimack and used it to sink some US ships. • Still, US was very effective at blocking ports. CS seeks foreign support • King Cotton Diplomacy = bribe France & England with Cotton. Wanted them to recognize the CS. • England didn’t want to risk war with US, so it didn’t recognize the CS • France followed England’s lead Emancipation Part 3 Slave issue: Lincoln’s concerns 1. Lincoln, while against slavery, didn’t want to anger slave states still in the Union. 2. Lincoln believe in gradual “emancipation” (freeing of slaves) – w/ compensation to slave holders. 3. Lincoln was concerned about prejudice (racism) and favored shipping freed slaves out of the US (back to Africa). Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln finally gave in to public pressure. • After waiting for a US victory (Antietam), Lincoln declared that all slaves in Confederate states would be freed (Jan. 1, 1863). • When slaves heard this, many fled their masters in the South. Black Role in the War • Eventually, 200,00o blacks served in the Union army. • They were paid less, often used as guards or chores around camp (rarely fought) • Most well known = 54th Massachusetts 13th Amendment Section 1: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Life During War Part 4 Production & Finance South: – Hard to get industrialized goods (uniforms & guns) b/c of Union blockade. – Cut back production of cotton to plant food – Not good at borrowing money from other countries. Sold gov’t bonds – but these were worth nothing at end of war – Printed money – no gold to back it up, thus worthless – Had problems w/ inflation Production & Finance North – Had many factories, easy to produce goods – Crops planted w/ machines (instead of slaves), plenty of food – Issued “green backs” as money, also had problems w/ inflation Serving during the War • Confederacy passed a draft where all men b/w 18 & 35 had to fight. However, rich men could “hire” soldiers in their place. Large slave holders were excused too. This angered many men. • Union passed a similar bill. Men were drafted. General Life • • • • Food = Hardtack (dry, hard biscuit). Union uniform = Blue; CS = gray Singing was popular Life was hard – especially for CS; often hungry