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Slavery
Chapter 9
Nat Turner
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Virginia, 1831
Nat Turner
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Slave, preacher
Believed God had chosen him to free slaves
Turner and followers killed 55 whites
100 blacks slaughtered in the effort to
capture Turner
1831 (December) – Jefferson’s grandson
presents plan for gradual emancipation in
Virginia General Assembly (Vote – 73 to 82)
Toussaint L’Ouverture
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Santo Domingo (Haiti)
L’Ouverture
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Brilliant, self-educated
Leads successful slave revolt
60,000 dead as a result
Americans FEAR a slave revolt… and slavery
gets MORE BRUTAL
Southern views on slavery
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1 in 4 own slaves
1 of 7 slave owners possesses more than 10 slavers
Most southerners are small farmers, but rich plantation
owners dominate politics
Sen. John C. Calhoun – “slavery is a positive good… the
most safe and stable basis for free institutions in the
world.”
Albert Gallatin Brown – “slavery is a blessing for the
slave, and a blessing to the master.”
By 1850 – 30,000 fugitive slaves in the North worth
about $15 million (Anthony Burns – captured in 1854 in
Boston and returned to slavery
John Brown’s Body
Chapter 10
John Brown
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1856 – Civil War in “Bloody” Kansas
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In may, John Brown and others murder 5
proslavery Kansans
Believed he was acting for God
1859 – Harper’s Ferry
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John and 21 followers attempt to ignite a
slave revolt
Captured and executed (see pages 57 and 58)
Lincoln’s Problem
Chapter 11
Secession
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South Carolina – first
Mississippi – one of richest states
(Millionaires of Natchez)
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and
Texas
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7 quickly secede to start
Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and
Tennessee follow after Lincoln calls for
volunteers to fight
Preparing for WAR
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Richmond (capital of South, industrial
center) – exciting place with all war
preparations (dreamlike… only thinking of
the glory of war)
West Virginia secedes from Virginia
Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware –
border, slave states that stay with Union
Free Slaves or Not?
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Abolitionists want Lincoln to free slaves
Lincoln doesn’t want to anger border
states
Lincoln says… freeing slaves, losing war,
and destroying Union will help NO ONE
(slaves or not)
North Advantages
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More men
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23 states vs. 11 states
22 million vs. 9 million (population)
Almost 3 million soldiers to 1.5 million
More industry
More railroads
More food
LINCOLN
Southern Advantages
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Do not have to conquer anyone
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Can play defense
Cause? – liberty from government, maintain
way of “southern life”
Skilled fighters
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Used to shooting and riding, outdoors
Better military leadership
Fort Sumter
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April 1861
Lincoln wants to resupply fort
Confederates take the fort
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PGT Beauregard
The Union Generals
Chapter 12
Winfield Scott
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First General in charge
Old, terrible shape… still sharp
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Knew it would take a few years to win
Old Fuss and Feathers
Plan:
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Blockade southern ports
Control Mississippi River
Send armies from east and west to squeeze
Confederacy (Anaconda Plan)
George B. McClellan
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West Point
graduate, age 35
Excellent organizer
 Need to feed,
house, equip
MANY
PROBLEM –
hesitant to fight
Lincoln tries more…
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Fremont
Burnside
Halleck
Hooker
Pope
Meade
Then….
Ulysses S. Grant
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West Point
Mexican War
Inherited slave… ???
GOOD at FIGHTING
“Unconditional
Surrender”
WINNING in WEST
Outkill and Outlast!
The Confederate Generals
Chapter 13
Southern Generals
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Soldiering tradition in South
James Longstreet
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J.E.B. Stuart… “the eyes and ears”
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Old Pete or Old War Horse
One of most daring cavalry leaders
Gettysburg error ???
George Picket
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Friendly, well-like
“Picket’s Charge” at Gettysburg
Southern Generals
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Thomas J.
“Stonewall” Jackson
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West Point, VMI
instructor
Strict, intelligent,
daring, fearless
A WINNER… even
when he shouldn’t
Very religious
What happened to
him?
Southern Generals
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Robert E. Lee
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West Point
Did not want Union to
dissolve
Had to fight for
Virginia
Born leader… Jackson
would follow him
“blindfolded”
WINNER… risk taker,
genius
President Davis’s Problems
Chapter 14
The Problems…
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Not enough food, clothing (shoes),
weapons, ships
Poor railroads
Surplus of cotton in England
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No need to interfere with Union blockade
English opposed slavery
Confederate states acting independently
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Cannot get tax $ from them
Choosing Sides
Chapter 15
War splits nation and families
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Clifton brothers – both die at Petersburg,
fighting on opposite sides
4 of Lincoln’s brother-in-laws fight for
Confederacy (3 died)
Henry Clay’s grandsons… 3 for Union and
4 for Confederacy
JEB Stuart… Chased by father-in-law
ETC.
WHY fight for the North? Why South?
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North – read box on 77, South – their way
Did the war make a difference?
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Yes…
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Ended Slavery
Preserved Union
U.S. committed to democracy through
constitutional amendments that promoted
fairness (equal opportunity)
HOWEVER… easier to change laws than to
change ideas and habits
Tyranny and persecution and bigotry are
forbidden by the Constitution (un-American!)
The Soldiers
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Median age – 24
Many were 18 or 19
Johnny Clem (11)
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Confederate Colonel tried to take him prisoner
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He killed the Colonel and was made a sergeant
Eventually, government had to pay cash
rewards for volunteers… and both sides
had to draft
Rich man’s war, poor man’s
fight…
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Confederates that owned 20 or more
slaves did not have to serve (some fought
anyway)
Northerners could pay someone else to
fight if they could afford it
Many were farmers… small-town boys…
most were never far from home
Most signed up for an exciting adventure…
but what did they get???
War is NOT fun…
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Long marches
Disease
Homesickness
Bad food
Hunger
Long, boring encampments
For every man that died in battle, two
died of sickness
Weapons
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Sharps rifle – breech-loading, single-shot
Spencer seven-shot – best repeating rifle
Gatling – machine gun, 250 rounds per
minute
MOST soldiers use muzzle loading rifle
New weapons are much better…. More
accurate, shoot farther… KILL better
Fight with old-school tactics using new
weapons… MANY die as a result
Weapons
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Hot air balloons… for spying
Submarine… it worked… but not well
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This was the first “modern” war…
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No “by-the-rules” orderly skirmish
TOTAL WAR
In the “old” days… attackers had
advantage… now… defenders are winning
Willie and Tad
The point?
Chapter 17
General McClellan’s Campaign
Chapter 18
McClellan
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Takes charge after Bull Run
Brings order and pride… DRILLS
Organized 100,000 men
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2,500 supply wagons
300 cannons
25,000 animals
600 tons of supplies used each day!
McClellan
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Wants to take Richmond (capital and
industrial center)
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Attack by boat – Virginia Peninsula (see map
on 91)
MUD – difficult to move troops and supplies
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Time for Confederates to prepare
Magruder – marching troops all over the place
to trick McClellan… it works… moves slower
Seven Days Battle is tough on both sides
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Union retreats eventually
Chancellorsville
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Stonewall is accidentally wounded by
friendly fire
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Lee says, “He has lost his left arm, but I have
lost my right arm.”
War at Sea
Chapter 19
Blockade
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Union wants to isolate the south… only
has 90 ships to do it
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Confederates have no navy
By time war ends, Union has 700 ships in
service
Confederates get English to build fast cruisers
that can outrun blockade and attack Union
merchant ships
Iron stronger than wood
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Confederates raised the sunken Merrimack
and it becomes the Virginia
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Big, slow, clumsy, and STRONG
Creates FEAR in Washington… a super-ship
Monitor is built and ships meet at Hampton
Roads
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Neither ship can sink the other… war has changed
at sea forever
Admiral David Farragut
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Takes New Orleans with his fleet… passing
two Confederate forts that did everything
to stop him…
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See the BOX on page 97
Emancipation Means Freedom
Chapter 20
Antietam (Sharpsburg)…
9/17/62
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Why should McClellan have been able to
crush Lee?
Bloodiest day of the war… 23,000 dead
What happened after the battle… or what
didn’t happen?
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See page 99 – Lincoln’s visit to McClellan
Clara Barton – the Angel of the Battlefield
Emancipation Proclamation
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Lincoln reads it in September of 1862
January 1, 1863, it becomes official
What is the impact of this?
Douglas – “lift the war into the dignity of a
war for progress and civilization”
Lincoln signs his full name… not just A.
Lincoln
Determined Soldiers
Chapter 21
Contrabands
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Property seized by the enemy
They want to FIGHT!
54th Massachusetts
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Led by Colonel Robert G. Shaw
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Bayonet attack at Fort Wagner (Charleston Harbor)
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Half are wounded, captured or killed
Captured white officers that led blacks would have been
put to death as criminals
Blacks would be sold into slavery
180,000 black soldiers fight for the Union
Marching Soldiers
Chapter 22
Hardtack
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Armies CONSUME!!
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Wood… or furniture, books, whatever else to
burn
Could take your home for their use
Could take your vegetables and meat
(animals from your farm)
Live on flour, coffee, bacon, “hardtack”
Total War – make enemy civilians suffer
War in the South
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Most of the fighting is in the South… VA
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South is being destroyed
Peace movements in North… tired of war
Lee wants a big win in the NORTH!!!
Stopped at Antietam in September of 1862
 Confident after victories at Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville (early summer of 1863)
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Lee heads for Pennsylvania… George Meade
and Union army head after Confederates
Gettysburg
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Day 1 (July 1, 1863)
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Fahnestock’s store… cleared out and goods
shipped to Philadelphia
Confederates after some shoes?
General Buford holds off Confederates long
enough to then secure the best ground…
Cemetery Ridge
JEB Stuart – Confederate cavalry is off riding
and NOT getting info to Lee and others
Gettysburg
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Day 2 (July 2, 1863
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Confederates are on Seminary Ridge, about 1
mile from Union troops
Confederates trying to flank the Union lines
Little Roundtop (Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain in
charge of defending it… heroic effort)
 Culp’s Hill
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Gettysburg
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Day 3 (July 3, 1863
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Confederates fire artillery at the center of the
Union lines for 2 hours, then charge at the
center
Major General George Pickett leads about
15,000 troops across nearly a mile of open
field to charge the Union army… get
slaughtered!
Longstreet advised Lee against this, but Lee
wants to win so badly (he usually did too)
Gettysburg
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Day 3 (July 3, 1863
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Winfield Scott Hancock commands Yankees
that wait for the charge behind a low stone
wall on Cemetery Ridge
Confederate General Lewis Armistead leads
heroic effort to push into Union line with
several hundred Rebels… fails
Gettysburg
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Turning point of the war! Lee did not get
big win in the North that he wanted
Confederates lose 28,000 men
Union loses 23,000 men
Thousands of horses are dead
Confederates walk home
Lincoln wants Meade to ATTACK, but he
doesn’t
Lee the Fox
Chapter 24
Lee is brilliant
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Sends Rebel soldier into Union camp to
“inform” them that Rebels are ready to
fight again, and this makes Meade
hesitant to advance… Rebels get to VA
At same time as Gettysburg, Grant takes
Vicksburg (Mississippi)… going against the
rules to win
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48 days… of bombing… eventual starvation
Speeches at G-Burg
Chapter 25
Gettysburg aftermath
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Citizens busy burying dead and treating
wounded (16,000)
November 19
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Edward Everett
President of Harvard, senator, secretary of state,
and ambassador to Britain
 Speaks for 2 hours!
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Lincoln
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Speaks from the heart for 2 minutes (page 122)
More Battles – will it ever
end?
Chapter 26
Grant
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Grant now in charge of Union armies
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Southern strategy is to wear North out, and
North wants to end this as quickly as possible
Grant leads 120,000 to Richmond…
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Attacks and attacks and attacks (map 125)
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Battle of the Wilderness… horrible
Grant wants to lay siege to Petersburg
 Confederates “lose” them
 Pontoon bridges across the James and Appomattox
River… page 126
Sherman
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Marches from West
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From Tennessee, through Georgia (Atlanta to
Savannah), to the Carolinas
Squeezes South like an Anaconda!
Total War… Sherman’s March to the Sea… 40
mile wide path of destruction (Union soldiers
take frustrations out on the South)
Victory at Atlanta gets Lincoln reelected in
1864 (against McClellan)
The Second Inaugural
Chapter 27
Lincoln’s Speech
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Lincoln knows that South can’t hold out
much longer
His speech aims at healing wounds…
bridging the gap between North and
South… unifying people (page 132)
Closing In on the End
Chapter 28
Lincoln
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He is TIRED
Visits Grant at City Point aboard River
Queen and stays for 2 weeks
Yankees take Five Forks after a
counterattack while Pickett eats shad
Confederates leave Richmond and burn it
The capital of the South now belongs to
the Union… and Lincoln walks in
Mr. McLean’s Parlor
Chapter 29
Lee surrenders to Grant
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Grant traps Lee and troops, and Lee
surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865
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Appomattox Courthouse
This is a MUST read Chapter!!!
A Play at Ford’s Theatre
Chapter 30
April 14, 1865
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Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theatre
John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln
Lincoln dies on April 15
After Words
Chapter 31
What now?
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This did nothing to help the South…
Lincoln wanted the nation to heal
600,000 dead
Slow process of Reconstruction begins
Positives – Amendments 13,14, and 15