Download Reconstruction - Warren County Schools

Reconstruction
1865-1877
Aftershock: Beyond the Civil War
 Part 1 Violence & Lincoln’s Assassination
 Part 2 Freedman’s Bureau & Johnson*
 Part 3
 Part 4
 Part 5
 Part 6
 Part 7
 Part 8
 Part 9
Effects of the Civil War
 Creation of a single unified country
 Abolition of slavery (13th Amendment)
 Increased power to federal government – tried to kill the
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issue of states rights
U.S. now an industrial nation
A stronger sense of nationalism
Western lands increasingly opened to settlement
South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the
plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction
(rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North
remained...
Reconstruction
 Federal government’s controversial effort to
repair the damage to the South and restore
southern states to the union
 4 Presidents were involved (1865-1877)
Physical Toll
 2/3 shipping destroyed
 9,000 miles of railroad destroyed
Value of southern property plunged 70%
Human Toll
 North 364,000
 South 260,000 (1/5 of adult white men)
 Civilian deaths also occurred as the Northern troops moved
through the South
Southern Hardships
Black
Southerners
Plantation
Owners
Poor White
Southerners
• 4 million
freed
• Poor economy
• Homeless,
jobless,
hungry
• Lost $3 billion
in slave labor
• Had worthless
confederate
money
• New
competition
from freed
blacks
• Migrate to
frontier areas
for better
opportunities
Freed slaves had the freedom to…
 Move – freed slaves looked for loved ones and married
 Own land – provided some economic independence
 Worship – formed own churches, volunteer groups, trade
associations, drama clubs
 To learn – 1860 – 90% illiterate
 Schools opened
 1865-1870 – 30 African American colleges opened
Issues facing Reconstruction
 2 issues to be resolved at the end of the Civil War
 Seceded States
 Freed Slaves
None of these plans (so far) addressed issues facing
freed slaves
 Black Codes
 KKK
 Lynching
Questions after the Civil War
 1. How and when should Southern states be allowed to
resume their role in the union?
 2. Should the South be punished for actions or be forgiven
and recover quickly?
 3. Would races have equal rights?
 4. Should the federal government be stronger?
 The Founding Fathers didn’t foresee a Civil War, so there was
no indication of which branch should handle the aftermath…
4 Reconstruction Plans were
Developed
 1. Lincoln’s Plan
 2. Wade Davis Bill
 3. Johnson’s Plan
 4. Congressional Plan of 1867
Lincoln’s Plan (10% plan)
 He began working on the plan as early as December 1863
 He hoped to achieve unity without thoroughly punishing the
South
 He felt that the South did not legally secede from the union
 Many felt his plan did not go far enough to support the
rights, especially for voting, of African Americans
1.Lincoln’s Plan
 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
 Ten-Percent Plan
 Offered forgiveness (PARDON) to all southerners who
pledged loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation
 With 10% of the population pledging this, the state could
then form a government that banned slavery and be
readmitted into the Union
 Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia
 Angered Radical Republicans
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
March 1865
 “with malice toward none; with charity for
all; with firmness in the right, as God gives
us to see the right, let us strive on to finish
the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s
wounds…to do all which may achieve and
cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among
ourselves, and with all nations.”
Lincoln’s Plan upset Congress
 Re-admitting states to the Union was a power of Congress,
not the president
 Since secession was against the law, Confederates had
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never legally left the Union
So Congress responds with…
The Wade Davis Bill
Once a majority of a state’s white, male citizens pledged
loyalty to the union, it would be readmitted into the
Union
Lincoln Pocket vetoed
2. Wade- Davis Bill (July, 1864)
 So Congress responds with…
 The Wade Davis Bill
 Once 50% of a state’s white, male citizens
pledged loyalty to the union, it would be
readmitted into the Union
 Lincoln Pocket vetoed
 Many members of Congress wanted to view the
Southern states as reconquered provinces
Andrew Johnson
 Becomes President after Lincoln is assassinated in 1865
 One-time slave-owner
 Moved from North Carolina to Tennessee
 Was the only southern member of Congress to side with the
Union
 Hated rich planters; strong supporter of poor whites
 DEMOCRAT
 In 1865, Congress took an 8 month break and Johnson pursued
his plan…
3. Andrew Johnson’s Plan
 Similar to Lincoln’s Plan
 Except…
 Wanted to break the planters’ power by excluding high-ranking
Confederates and wealthy Southern landowners from voting
 Pardoned more than 13,000 former Confederates so that “white
men alone must manage the South”
 All but Texas joined and sent Representatives to Congress,
Congress refused to admit them
Freedman’s Bureau
 Begun in March 1865 (prior to Lincoln’s assassination)
 1st major federal relief agency in history
 1866 Congress voted to enlarge the Freedmen’s Bureau &
forbid Southern states from passing black codes
 provided food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection, and
education to former slaves
 It redistributed
 Johnson vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau Act and the Civil Rights
Act
 What do you see
(symbols, people,
etc.)?
 What words are
used?
 What can you infer
from or about the
cartoon?
Republicans in Congress wanted…
 Favored tougher rules for restoring the states that had left the
Union
 Wanted to truly give freed slaves freedom
 Overrode Johnson’s veto of the Freedman’s Bureau and drafted
the 14th Amendment
 14th Amendment grants citizenship to “all person’s born or naturalized in
the United States”

Reconstruction plan:
A.
B.
C.
Ratify the 14th and 15th Amendments
Write new state constitution that guaranteed freedmen the right to
vote
Form new governments to be elected by all male citizens including
African Americans
4. Congress Reconstruction
 Congress drafted the Reconstruction Plan of 1867
 Denied state governments formed under the Lincoln and
Johnson plans
 Divided former Confederate states into 5 military districts
 This would force southern states to grant African-Americans the right to
vote and pass the 14th amendment to reenter the union.
 Johnson vetoed
 Congress overrode Johnson’s Presidential Veto
 Congress upset with Johnson, look for grounds to impeach
him.
 Find it after he violates the Tenure of Office Act in 1868 by
removing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from office
 Senate did not vote to convict so he remains in office
Presidential Election of 1868
 Ulysses S. Grant wins the election by 306,000 votes
 Over 500,000 Southern African Americans had voted in
which 9/10 voted for Grant
 Radical Republicans introduce the 15th Amendment after the
election
 15th Amendment no person can be kept from voting based on
“race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Republicans in the Postwar South
 Scalawags: white Southerners who joined the Republican Party
 Mainly small farmers wanting to improve their economic position
 Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South after the
war
 African Americans
 Discontinuity in Southern Republicans
 Scalawags and white Southerners resisted equal rights for African
Americans
African Americans during
Reconstruction
 95% of former slaves were illiterate
 First public schools established in the South by the new African
American churches
 Voted and held office in local, state, and federal governments
 Many forced into sharecropping because they were denied land
 Sharecropping: landowners divided their land and assigned each
head of household a few acres, along with seeds and tools.
 Sharecroppers kept a small share of their crops and gave the rest to
the landowners
Reconstruction Collapses
 Rise of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).
 Goal was to destroy the Republican Party, Reconstruction
governments, aid the planter class, and keep Af. Am.’s from
engaging in politics
 Killed approximately 20,000 men, women & children
 Boycotted Af. Am.s who voted Republican
 Congress passed a series of Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871
to try and block the KKK
 Supervision of elections in Southern states
 Gave President power to use fed. Troops where KKK was active
 May 1872 Congress passed the Amnesty Act allowing 150,000
former Confederates the right to vote and hold government
offices
 Also allowed the Freedman’s Bureau to expire
 What do you see
(symbols, people, etc.)?
 What words are used?
 What can you infer from
or about the cartoon?
Reconstruction Collapses (Cont.)
 Panic of 1873 after a series of banks fail leads to a 5 year
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depression
Supreme Court undoes some of the social and political changes
Radicals made
Republicans retreat from Reconstruction policies
Southern Democrats regain control of the South
Election of 1876
 Samuel J. Tilden (D) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (R)
 Tilden wins popular vote but misses by 1 electoral vote
 S. Democrats agree to accept Hayes if federal troops are withdrawn
from the South