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Emancipation Proclamation Shay Reifert, Sarah Polson, GB Moynihan, and Neal Khosla What is the Emancipation Proclamation? ● Executive Order ○ ○ An executive order is an order issued by the president that has the power of a law. An executive order can be issued at any time, but do not have to pass through Congress. What does the Emancipation say? • The slaves in the states in rebellion against the Union, by January 1st, 1863, will all be freed. o o o The slaves’ freedoms will be recognized and protected by the federal military. The slave states loyal to the Union can keep their slaves. The freed slaves can enroll in the military. • Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation? The Emancipation adds to the focus of the war. o • Now Lincoln’s goals are not only to preserve the Union, but also to free the slaves. The Proclamation also keeps the border states in the Union because of the promise that they can keep their slaves. Which states are in rebellion? ● The Emancipation says that if the elected officials from the state are present in Congress then the state is not in rebellion. ● If the elected officials from the state are not present in Congress, the whole state is ruled in rebellion against the Union. • • • Which states Rebelled and which were Loyal? Seven states seceded right after Lincoln was elected. Later, four states seceded after Lincoln called for volunteers. 4 slave states never seceded. o o These states were called the border states because they separated the U.S.A. from the C.S.A. These four states were Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. • • Why are the Border States Important? Many battles take place close to or in the border states Geographically they separated the North from the South. Map of Border States Maryland • Maryland’s significance lied in its geographic proximity to Washington D.C. Kentucky • • Kentucky had many resources that were vital to both sides of the country. Such as, tobacco, whiskey, snuff and flour. o These goods were shipped to Europe, the North and the South, by way of railroads and the Mississippi river. Missouri • Missouri was important because of the Mississippi River. As the major waterway,it was vital it remained in the governments control. West Virginia • West Virginia separates from Virginia in 1863. o o West Virginia then becomes apart of the union. West Virginia separating puts the Confederates further from Washington D.C. Northern Strategies • Anaconda plan o o The federal (United States) Navy sets up a blockade preventing anything from entering or exiting the south. This prevents reinforcements from abroad helping the south and it keeps the souths goods from being exported. Anaconda Strategy Map Northern Strategies ● Control the Mississippi River The South’s main inland water route to transport goods or troops from one place to another. ○ This effectively separates Texas, Arkansas and Louisiana from the rest of the south. ○ Most of the food was grown in the west of the south. so if the United States can control the Mississippi, they can eventually cut the south off from food, and starve them ○ Northern Strategies ● Capture Richmond the South’s capital. ○ Take control of the communications center in Richmond cutting off the army from the president and other officials. ● Destroy and burn southern cities such as Atlanta. ○ This will break the south’s will to fight. Southern Strategy • Do not lose o • The Confederate army needs to drive the Union off their land Prevent land loss Don’t let the North take too much Confederate land. ● Make the Union citizens not want to fight anymore Bull Run • • • First major battle of the Civil War o Confederates against Yankees In Prince William County, Virginia, near the city of Manassas. July 21st, 1861 o Before emancipation People’s Expectations • • • • Expected war to last a summer. Expected it to be a party, a celebration. Expected small death count. Honorable death of men dying for their cause. Reality ● Huge death count People realized what war really was • o • • Not a party with people cheering, but people fighting and dying on a battlefield North realized that the war would be longer and harder than both sides had initially thought South gained confidence Start of Bull Run ● General Irvin McDowell’s army of 35,000 volunteers against 22,000 southern troops commanded by Pierre G.T Beauregard. ○ The southerners were defending the Manassas railroads which would be the quickest way to Richmond. Bull Run Conflict ● The Union troops pushed against the southern lines repeatedly but could not break them. ● When Thomas Jackson joined the battle the Confederates were being pushed back, but with his reinforcements the Confederates won the battle. Southern Strategies after Bull Run ● After winning Bull Run and before fighting the next big battle which would be Antietam the southern Strategy changed ○ The South no longer wanted to play defense they would attempt to tire the north out as well as destroying their territory to break the North’s will to fight. This leads to Antietam. Changes in Mentality • • After the vicious fighting at Bull Run it was revealed to everyone that this would not be a summer long war. The soldiers no longer viewed this war as a celebration or opportunity and for the first time they realized the horrors of war. Confiscation Act • • • The Confiscation Act was passed on August 6th, 1861 This act allowed the Union to confiscate any slaves that were employed by the rebel army At first Lincoln did not want to do this because he thought if he signed this act the border states would secede. Factors during the war • • • Over time, use of presidential war powers becomes easier Internal political reasons also faced the president “direct emancipation would alienate the border states, whose continued loyalty was essential for victory, and would shatter the republicans fragile alliance with northern democrats ” (Goodwin 369-70). As the war continued the mood of the country became more extreme with abolitionist voices gaining power as more and more soldiers died. Factors during the war • • As the war dragged on the Union required soldiers. The emancipation freed people who could become soldiers. Through the early years of the war, the North was extremely concerned with keeping England and France on the sidelines. The emancipation proclamation ultimately accomplished this by making the civil war a new battle between good and evil (Ward 157) Factors during the war • • • Severe grain shortages in Europe now meant it needed American wheat from the North even more than cotton from the South. The Northern Navy blockade of the south constricted cotton trade with Europe. For the North compensating the slave owners was still less expensive than the cost of the war. • • Factors during the war Desperation of war: “things had gone on from bad to worse, Lincoln said “until I felt that we had reached the end of our rope on the plan of operations we had been pursuing; that we had about played our last card, and must change our tactics or lose the game” (Foote 538) Public pressure; for example from Horris Greeley Lincoln said “if I could save the union without freeing any slave I would do it; and if I save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do it” (Foote 706) Lincoln’s decision • All of these practical military, political, economic and foreign factors ultimately led the president to the decision that changed the course of the war, the Emancipation Proclamation. • • • Battle of Antietam First battle of the Civil War fought in the North. The battle was fought in Sharpsburg, Maryland, near Antietam creek. This battle was fought on September 17, 1862. How Antietam Was Fought ● General George McClellan against General Robert E. Lee. ● Lee divided up his army into three parts leaving some weaknesses in the lines. However McClellan did not take advantage of this allowing Lee to escape which prolonged the war by three years. Conscription ● Conscription was legal war drafting. ● This was a major shift in the war as before there was only volunteers. ○ This showed how intense the war was getting and very different than originally expected. Lincoln and Drafting ● Lincoln signed the Enrollment Act ○ In this Act Lincoln created criteria for males to serve if someone met all the criteria then their name would be put in a lottery. If their name came out of the lottery then they were drafted. ● Lincoln only got 6% of his troops this way. • Emancipation Proclamation The Battle of Antietam allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. o • Lincoln needed a win before he issued it because he needed to convince the south that he would be able to enforce the emancipation. The Emancipation Proclamation made people realize Lincoln’s goals had shifted from being focused on preserving the Union, to freeing the slaves.