* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Sea Power and Maritime Affairs
Fort Sumter wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Shiloh wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Henry wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Seven Pines wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Big Bethel wikipedia , lookup
East Tennessee bridge burnings wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Lewis's Farm wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Wilson's Creek wikipedia , lookup
Red River Campaign wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Namozine Church wikipedia , lookup
First Battle of Bull Run wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Gaines's Mill wikipedia , lookup
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Virginia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Island Number Ten wikipedia , lookup
Capture of New Orleans wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Roanoke Island wikipedia , lookup
Union blockade wikipedia , lookup
Economy of the Confederate States of America wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Pillow wikipedia , lookup
Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Port Royal wikipedia , lookup
Blockade runners of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Conclusion of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Fort Fisher wikipedia , lookup
Battle of New Bern wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Jubal Early wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip wikipedia , lookup
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Hampton Roads wikipedia , lookup
CSS Virginia wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 5.4: The Civil War, 1860-1865 Two American Navies Enabling Objectives • IDENTIFY the origins of the U.S. Civil War. • DESCRIBE the role of the Union Navy in the strategy for the defeat of the Confederacy. • DESCRIBE the role of the Confederate Navy in the strategy for the defeat of the Union. • UNDERSTAND reasons for the vital importance of the acquisition of European allies in the South’s naval strategy. • UNDERSTAND innovations of naval weapons and technology that emerged during the Civil War. A House Divided • Dispute between slave and free states over status of western territories. – Missouri Compromise - 1820. – Kansas-Nebraska Act - 1854. • The problem of state’s rights vs federal government authority A House Divided • Southern states secede after Lincoln elected in 1860 • Confederate States of America established Feb 1861 • Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina: – Attacked by Confederate forces on April 12, 1861. – 15 Apr: Lincoln calls 75K state militia to Federal service… Fort Sumter Charleston, South Carolina Confederate States of America (CSA) est. February 1861 Federal Territory Within the Confederacy in Question The CSA claimed eminent domain: • Pensacola Navy Yard. • 15 forts guarding harbors. • 6 Federal arsenals. • 18 military posts in Texas. After Virginia joined the Confederacy: • Norfolk Navy Yard. – – – – Largest naval base and arsenal in the United States. Captured by Confederate forces on 21 April. USS Merrimack scuttled by retreating Union forces. Large number of guns captured by Confederates. A Navy Divided David Glasgow Farragut Franklin Buchanan David Dixon Porter Matthew Maury John Ericcson Raphael Semmes John Dahlgren Charles Wilkes Samuel F. DuPont Balance of Naval Power North – Naval Yards – Ship Builders – Industrial Base – Number of Ships – Leadership South Union Naval Strategy • Rapid and massive ship building program. – – Only 42 ships at the beginning of the war. 264 commissioned by December, 1861 • General Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan” – Blockade the entire Confederate Coast – Control the Mississippi River. – Sever vital lines of communication for Confederacy. Union SECNAV Gideon Welles Confederate Naval Strategy • Attrition Warfare – Confederacy issues letters of marque to privateers. – Attempt to continue commercial trade with Europe • New technology – Conversion of older ships to armored “ironclads”. – Coordinates construction of warships in Great Britain. – CSS Hunley • Blockade-running – Successful cruises divert Union ships from blockade duty. Confederate SECNAV Stephen Mallory Diplomatic Strategies • NORTH: Keep Great Britain truly neutral • SOUTH: Win British recognition and naval aid. – Problems for the Confederacy: • War is viewed as a rebellion - not a conflict between sovereign states. • Outcome of the war is uncertain. • Diplomatic inexperience and a weak State Department. • Fallacy of the "King Cotton" thesis. • 1861- The “Trent Affair” • Union Navy violates neutral rights of British ship. • Battle of Antietam (September 1862) allows Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation Three Naval Theaters 1. Blue Water – CSS Alabama 2. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts – Port Royal – Hampton Roads – Fort Fisher 3. Great Inland Rivers – Vicksburg – Mobile Bay Confederate Commerce Raiders • Highly successful in the disruption of Union maritime commerce. • Captain Raphael Semmes – CSS Sumter – CSS Alabama • Captures 68 Union vessels. • Sunk at Cherbourg, France in duel with USS Kearsarge. Confederate Commerce Raiders The Union Blockade • Union blockade of the Confederacy: – “Paper Blockade” needs to become real as soon as possible… – 42 ships and 7,600 men to blockage a 3500 mile coastline… – Forward bases required for an effective blockade. – Amphibious operations launched to seize bases in the South. Battle of Port Royal • Attempt to establish first Union base on Confederate territory at Port Royal Sound -- 7 November 1861. – Hilton Head Island, South Carolina • Commodore Stephen F. DuPont – Commands Union fleet- 11 Warships & 13K troops • Superior naval gunfire: – Directed against Confederate forts defending the Sound. – Confederates abandon forts- out gunned 5:1 • Union soldiers and Marines land unopposed. • Other Union amphibious operations will resemble Port Royal operation. Battle of Hampton Roads 8 March 1862 • First engagement between “ironclad” ships. • CSS Virginia – – – – USS Merrimack raised at Norfolk. Iron armor and ram added by Confederate Navy. Renamed Virginia and commanded by Franklin Buchanan. Defeats conventional Union ships on 8 March 1862. • USS Monitor moved to Norfolk area to engage Virginia. – Designed by John Ericcson. • Highly armored with low freeboard. • Single turret mounting two Dahlgren guns. • Tactical draw but a strategic Union victory Confederate Navy unable to break the blockade of Norfolk. Battle of Hampton Roads Fort Fisher Expeditions • Defends the only remaining supply line through Wilmington, North Carolina for General Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia • Highly-defended by Confederate guns. • Combined Union Army-Navy operation. – Union fleet commanded by David Dixon Porter. • First assault fails – 7-27 December 1864. • Second Assault – 15 January 1865 – Sailors and Marines attack the fort with Army forces. • Only successful amphibious assault against a heavily defended fort. – Heavy, constant, targeted naval gunfire necessary for success. Inland River Campaigns • Combined Union Army - Navy offensives. – Goal: Control of the Mississippi River. • Navy gunboats and transports used to support Army. – Union forces advance down Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers to the Mississippi. • Battle of New Orleans – David Dixon Porter -- Uses “mortar boats” to neutralize forts. – David Glasgow Farragut commands Union assault. • Siege of Vicksburg – General Ulysses S. Grant in command. – David Dixon Porter runs the Vicksburg batteries. Inland River Vessels USS Conestoga (1861-1864), a converted gunboat that served on the Mississippi River. Photographed on the Western Rivers during the Civil War. Siege of Vicksburg • 19 May 1863 – 4 July 1863 • Vicksburg the big obstacle to dominance of the Mississippi • Porter ferried Grant’s troops across to the east bank of the river, south of the fort • Grant takes the fort • Naval support: gunfire, troop transport, and logistical reinforcement • Lincoln: “The key to victory.” Battle of Vicksburg 19 May – 4 July 1863 Battle of Mobile Bay 5 Aug 1864 • Union fleet commanded by David Glasgow Farragut. • Entrance to Mobile Bay heavily defended by torpedoes. • Brooklyn’s captain stops and blocks the channel. “Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!” Civil War Naval Technological Innovations • North — Monitor Class – Combination of steam, screw, armor, and a gun turret. – Large numbers built. – “Dahlgren Guns” effective at close range. – Gives Union Navy the advantage on coastal and inland waterways. • South – CSS Virginia -- Steam power and iron armor. – CSS Hunley - submarine. – “Torpedoes” – “Laird” rams. Conclusions • Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Court House on 9 Apr 1865. • North successfully applied offensive naval warfare. • South failed to use commerce raiding to win the war at sea. • Joint Navy-Army Operations reach an unprecedented level of high efficiency on the Mississippi River. Battle History Video • Chapter 1 "Born Into War", Time 12:52 21:49 Enabling Objectives • IDENTIFY the origins of the U.S. Civil War. • DESCRIBE the role of the Union Navy in the strategy for the defeat of the Confederacy. • DESCRIBE the role of the Confederate Navy in the strategy for the defeat of the Union. • UNDERSTAND reasons for the vital importance of the acquisition of European allies in the South’s naval strategy. • UNDERSTAND innovations of naval weapons and technology that emerged during the Civil War. QUESTIONS? Next Time:Developments of Naval Technology and their Impact on Strategy