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16.2 Civil War The War in the East 1st Major Battle • 1st Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas-Confed.) – Union led by Gen. Irvin McDowell – Confederate led Gen. Pierre G. T. Beauregard – McDowell was trying to seize the Manassas railroad junction but were stopped at Bull Run creek by the Confederates. Union Soldiers Attitudes • McDowell complained that his troops were very “green” (untrained or untested). – Stop to pick blackberries or get water every other moment! – Showed that many Union soldiers had no idea what they were getting into, not serious, thought war would be easy to win. Key to Bull Run Victory • At one point the Union hit the Confederate left hard & drove them back. • One Confederate unit held firm – Allowed others were able to re-group and push union away. – “There goes Jackson like a stone wall!” – Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Rebel Yell • Famous blood curdling war cry of the Confederate soldiers. Union Army after Bull Run • Union forces tried to retreat orderly – Roads were clogged with carriages and spectators! – Union army was completely scattered. – Luckily the Union the Confederate didn’t have the strength to press the attack & take D.C.! • Shattered hopes of ending war quickly. Union Leadership • Shock of the Bull Run defeat led Lincoln to change Generals. – Appointed George B. McClellan lead General of the Army of the Potomac. – Built a 100,000 soldier, highly trained army. Confederate Leadership • In June of 1862 death/injuries/political friction led to change in Confederate leadership as well. – Gen. Robert E. Lee, Army of Northern Virginia – West Point, Mex-American War, Harpers Ferry – Lincoln offered him head General of Union! – Willing to take risks & make unpredictable moves Seven Days Battle • McClellan very cautious after Bull Run, thought Confederate Army bigger. • Eventually launched the “Peninsular Campaign” in Spring 1862. • By June he was outside of Richmond. • Lee attacked McClellan, “Seven Days Battle.” • Saved Richmond & forced McClellan to retreat. Second Battle of Bull Run August 1862 • Lincoln was frustrated by McClellan wasted time and retreat from Peninsula. • Sends Gen. John Pope to join w/ McClellan's & attack Richmond. • Gen. Jackson knew he had to hit Pope before joined fully with McClellan's troops. Second Battle of Bull Run • Lee divides his forces. – Stonewall Jackson troops march 50 miles in two days, attack Pope’s rear &right flank. – Longstreet & Lee march to Pope’s Front – Use Jeb Stuart Calvary to communicate. • Heavy fighting over 3 Day Battle. • On 3rd Day Confederates force Union retreat. • Pope reputation destroyed and Union army morale reaches new low. Follow Lee’s Success in VA? • Lee’s brilliant & decisive strategic victory over larger force at Bull Run gives confidence. • Now Lee and other Confederate leaders wanted to gain a victory on Northern soil. • Felt they might gain foreign recognition or maybe force the North to concede! Lee Goes North • Sept. 1862 Lee moved 40,000 troops into MD. – Once again divided his army. – One Part with him to Frederick – Other with Jackson to Harpers Ferry McClellan Finds Out • Lee had to send the orders/plans to split the army out to all commanders in his army. • One of those commanders used the plans to wrap up some cigars. • Rummaging through abandoned Confederate camp a Union soldier finds the plans! • Lee is vulnerable to being crushed! Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) • Despite having Lee’s plans, McClellan hesitated, convinced they were a hoax! • Lee and Jackson have time to reunite at Sharpsburg behind Antietam Creek. • Bloodiest Single Day Battle in U.S. History • Casualties – 12,000 for North, – 13,000 for South. McClellan’s Opportunity • Lee’s smaller Army was badly hurt. • McClellan kept 4 full divisions in reserve! – Worried about a counterattack • Lee’s devastated army escapes. • Still important victory for Union – Stopped Lee’s Northern advance. Naval Advantage • Union Navy controlled the sea (& rivers) • All of U.S. small Navy with many skilled Naval officers went with Union. • Union capable of building many more ships. • Navy blockades Southern trade & begins taking out port cities from sea. Southern Blockade Runners • 1000’s of miles of coastline tough blockade. – Swift Southern merchants ships run blockade. – Run to Bahamas to but goods – Could make large profits • Overall blockade still effective – Damage South economy – Ships to Southern ports drops from 8,000 to 600 per year.