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This Currier and Ives lithograph shows the opening moment of the Civil War. On April 12, 1861, Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard ordered the shelling of Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. Two days later, Union Major Robert Anderson surrendered, and mobilization began for what turned out to be the most devastating war in American history. SOURCE:The Granger Collection,New York (0011697/4GCR303). The Furnace of Civil War, 1861-1865 A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863 (Library of Congress) This patriotic painting shows the departure of New York’s Seventh Regiment for Washington in mid-April of 1861. Stirring scenes like this occured across the nation following “the thunderclap of Sumter” as communities mobilized for war. SOURCE:Departure of the 7th Regiment ,N.Y.S.M.,April 19,1861,George Hayward.Watercolor on paper.Museum of Fine Arts,Boston. Let’s Review Drifting toward Disunion 1854-1861 • Theme: A series of major North-South crises in the late 1850s culminated in the election of antislavery Republican Lincoln to the presidency in 1860. His election caused seven southern states to secede from the union and form the Confederate States of America Drifting Towards Disunion • Confrontations in the 1850s deepened sectional hostility: – Uncle Tom’s Cabin fanned N. antislavery feelings – Bleeding Kansas (Civil War preview?) – Pres. Buchanan supported proslavery Lecompton Constitution alienated the north – Congressman Brook’s beating Senator Sumner Drifting Toward Disunion • 1856 election signaled rise of sectionally based Republican party • Dred Scott thrilled S., made N. defiant • Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858 deepened national controversy over slavery • John Brown’s raid on Harper’s ferry made him martyr to N, cause fear of slave revolt in S. • Democratic party split in 4 ways allows Lincoln to win in 1860 Drifting Toward Disunion • Seven southern states secede and organized the Confederate States of America. • Lame-duck President Buchanan proved unable to act to save union • Last-minute Crittenden Compromise effort failed because Lincoln’s opposition Let’s Review Girding for War, 1861-1865 • Themes: The North uses its long-term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. • The war helped modernized and organize northern society, while the South, despite heroic effort, was economically and socially crushed • Lincoln’s skillful political leadership kept Border states in the Union, maintained northern morale and kept Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy Review—Girding for War • South Carolina’s firing on Fort Sumter arouse the North for war. Lincoln’s call for troops drove four upper South states into the Confederacy. Lincoln kept the border states • Confederacy advantage=upper class European support, military leadership, and defensive position on own land • Northern advantage=lower-class European support, industry, population and political leadership Review—Girding for War • The changes in society opened new opportunities for women, who had contributed significantly to the war effort in both the North and South. • Since most of the war was waged on Southern soil, the South was left devastated by the war People to know • Elizabeth Blackwell—1st American female physician and pioneer in developing medical knowledge and health care for women and children • Clara Barton—Civil War nurse who founded and led the American Red Cross for 23 yrs – Saw lack of medicine after Battle of Bull Run, organized her friends to provide 1st aid. Went to Europe after the War and learned of Red Cross Eagle cartoon Eagle cartoon "Annihilation to Traitors," screams the American Eagle as it watches various evil and slimy creatures hatching in its nest enfolded in the American flag. Various southern secession leaders are named, some being shown as beasts, while a copperhead snake, the popular cartoon image representing northerners who sympathized with the southern cause, prepares to strike at the national symbol. The Union states are represented as healthy eggs, holding out promise for the future. (Library of Congress) Antietam by James Hope Antietam by James Hope A painting of the Antietam battlefield by James Hope, a Union soldier of the Second Vermont Infantry, shows three brigades of Union troops advancing under Confederate fire. The building in the painting, a Dunker church, was the scene of furious fighting. (Antietam National Battlefield, Sharpsburg, Maryland) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Furnace of Civil War 1861-1865 • Theme: The Civil War, begun as a limited struggle over the Union, eventuall became a total war to end slavery and transform the nation • Theme: After several year of seesaw struggle, the Union armies under Ulysses Grant finally wore down the Southern forces Under Robert E. Lee and ended the Confederate bid for Independence as well as the instiution of slavery Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter Summary • The Union defeat at Bull Run ended Northern complacency about a quick victory • McClellan and other union generals proved unable to defeat tactically brilliant confederate armies under Lee • The Union naval blockade put a slow but devastating economic noose around the South Fun Fact • General Stonewall Jackson sent this message to the Confederate War Department – “Send me more men and fewer questions.” Fun Fact • One of the correspondents of the New York Tribune during the Civil war was Karl Marx, who reported on politics in Europe Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter Summary • In order to retain the border states, Lincoln had to de-emphasize any intention to destroy slavery • The Battle at Antietam, 1862, enabled Lincoln to prevent foreign intervention and turn the struggle into a war against slavery • Blacks and abolitionists joined happily, but white resentment in part of the North created political problems for Lincoln Antietam Antietam In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Fun Fact • In late 1862 General Grant issued the following order: – “The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also Department orders, are hereby expelled from the department within twenty-four hours.” • It has been said, in Grant’s defense, that by “Jews” he meant peddlers and traders, and that he was not anti-Semitic. Fun Fact • Ulysses S. Grant’s name is really Hiram Ulysses Grant. He changed it to Ulysses Hiram after going to West Point. He thought people would make fun of his initials, H.U.G. • A military error later changed the Hiram to Simpson and he left it that way • Grant was a BIG drinker and spender • After leaving the presidency, he took a tour of Europe that left him bankrupt. • He wrote his memoirs (read them, they’re great) while dying of throat cancer. Chapter Summary • The Union victories at Vicksburg in the West and Gettysburg in the East finally turned the military tide against the South • Southern resistance remained strong, but the Union victories at Atlanta and Mobile assured Lincoln’s success in the election of 1864 and ended the last Confederate hopes • The war ended the issues of disunion and slavery, but at a large cost to N. and S. This striking photograph by Thomas C. Roche shows a dead Confederate soldier, killed at Petersburg on April 3, 1865, only six days before the surrender at Appomattox. The new medium of photography conveyed the horror of the war with a gruesome reality to the American public. SOURCE:Library of Congress. Appomattox In the spring of 1865, Lee and remaining troops, outnumbered two to one, still held Petersburg and Richmond. Starving, short of ammunition, and losing men in battle and desertion every day, Lee retreated on April 2. Seven days later Lee and his 25,000 troops surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House. Confederate troops were given parole and sent home. They could not be tried for treason in the future. On May 10, Jefferson Davis, who hoped to set up a new government in Texas, was captured and the war came to a close. Lee with his son after the surrender Lee with his son after the surrender After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress) Atlanta's Depot, 1864 Atlanta's Depot, 1864 Atlanta's depot in ruins after Sherman's siege of the city in 1864. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sherman’s Campaign in Georgia, 1864 Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman, two like-minded generals, commanded the Union’s armies in the final push to victory. While Grant hammered away at Lee in northern Virginia, Sherman captured Atlanta in September (a victory that may have been vital to Lincoln’s reelection) and began his March to the Sea in November 1864. Sherman’s March to the Sea--1864 • General Sherman believed that he and he alone could bring the Civil War to an end if only he could decimate the Rebel cause by striking out and burning the Confederacy. • This was what his March to the Sea was all about the end result was correct. The South was brought to its knees. • The final nail in the coffin, so to speak, was General Sherman’s brutal slash and burn policy as he trampled the Confederacy all the way to the sea. Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. This photograph, taken a month before his inauguration, shows Lincoln looking presidential. It was clearly intended to reassure a public still doubtful about his abities. SOURCE:Photograph of Abram Lincoln, February 24,1861. Mary Todd Lincoln Death of a President • On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington by John Wilkes Booth. • For the people of the Union, the joy of victory was muted by mourning for their great leader. The South, initially happy soon realized they would miss his moderate vision—2nd inaugural • Andrew Johnson becomes President, and the ordeal of Reconstruction begins Fun Fact • Booth was a well-known actor and had appeared on the Ford's Theater stage many times; Lincoln had actually seen him there in an 1863 performance of The Marble Heart Ford’s Theater Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address • With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. —Abraham Lincoln March 4, 1865 John Wilkes Booth • Prominent Shakespearean actor, son of famous actor that went insane • John W. Booth probably not insane, but was emotionally unstable (he would occasionally go into a rage at the sight of a cat and kill them) • In 1864 planned to abduct Lincoln • Booth eventually shot himself at capture • “I am not a murderer. I have done nothing that a soldier on the battlefield would not do. I do not regret what I have done.” John Wilkes Booth • Booth was part of a conspiracy; while he shot Lincoln, others were supposed to attack vicepresident Andrew Johnson and Secretary of War William Seward. • Seward was stabbed but survived; • Johnson was never attacked, and became president upon Lincoln's death. • Four of Booth's co-conspirators were hung on 7 July 1865... The people who helped Booth American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady At the war's end, the U.S. flag flew over the state capitol in Richmond, Virginia, which bore many marks of destruction. (National Archives ) Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Black Troops from Company E Black Troops from Company E Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in 1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Overall Strategy of the Civil War The initial Northern strategy for subduing the South, the so-called Anaconda Plan, entailed strangling it by a blockade at sea and obtaining control of the Mississippi River. But at the end of 1862, it was clear that the South’s defensive strategy could only be broken by the invasion of Southern territory. In 1864, Sherman’s “March to the Sea” and Grant’s hammering tactics in northern Virginia brought the war home to the South. Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865, ended the bloodiest war in the nation’s history. MAP 16.1b Overall Strategy of the Civil War MAP 16.1c Overall Strategy of the Civil War Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady Clean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady An exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam, taken by Mathew Brady, opened in October of 1862 in New York City. Although few knew it, Brady's vision was very poor, and this photograph of Confederate dead was actually made by his assistants, Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Contraband slave group Contraband slave group A group of "contrabands" (liberated slaves) photographed at Cumberland Landing, Virginia, May 14, 1862, at a sensitive point in the war when their legal status was still not fully determined. The faces of the women, men, and children represent the human drama of emancipation. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker During the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862 Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862 This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Fording the Rappahannock River Fording the Rappahannock River When federal troops came close enough those slaves who could do so fled behind Union lines. These Virginia fugitives, lugging all their possessions, move toward freedom in the summer of 1862, after the Second Battle of Bull Run. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Freedom to the Slave, 1863 Freedom to the Slave, 1863 This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Scott's Great Snake Scott's Great Snake General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Soldiers War--Union infantry camp Soldiers War--Union infantry camp Union soldiers in camp, posing for a photograph, with black servants. The drudgery of camp life never prohibited soldiers from displaying their individuality. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Stand Watie Stand Watie A successful planter following the "Trail of Tears," Stand Watie allied with the Confederacy in 1861, raising a volunteer regiment called the Cherokee Mounted Rifles. By war's end, Watie had risen to the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate army and was the last field officer to surrender after the fall of Richmond. (Special Collections, John Vaughan Library, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, Oklahoma) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864 The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864 Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Union Prisoner at Salisbury, NC Union Prisoner at Salisbury, NC Civil War prison camps were not all deprivation. This illustration shows Union prisoners of war playing baseball. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag Like the citizens in western Virginia, people in eastern Tennessee remained faithful to the Union. Men like those shown here swore allegiance to the United States flag and tried to split the state in two--one rebel and the other loyal--but Confederate troops put a stop to their efforts. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. War dead, Fredericksburg War dead, Fredericksburg Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Wounded at Fredericksburg Wounded at Fredericksburg In this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges. Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Fun Fact • The last veteran of the American Revolution died in 1867 Major Battles in the East, 1861–62 Northern Virginia was the most crucial and the most constant theater of battle. The prizes were the two opposing capitals, Washington and Richmond, only 70 miles apart. By the summer of 1862, George B. McClellan, famously cautious, had achieved only stale-mate in the Peninsular campaign. He did, however, turn back Robert E. Lee at Antietam in September. Major Battles in the Interior, 1862–63 Ulysses S. Grant waged a mobile war, winning at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee in February 1862, and at Shiloh in April, and capturing Memphis in June. He then laid siege to Vicksburg, as Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans and began to advance up the Mississippi River. The Turning Point: 1863 In June, Lee boldly struck north into Maryland and Pennsylvania, hoping for a victory that would cause Britain and France to demand a negotiated peace on Confederate terms. Instead, he lost the hard-fought battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3. The very next day, Grant’s long siege of Vicksburg succeeded. These two great Fourth of July victories turned the tide in favor of the Union. The Confederates never again mounted a major offensive. Total Union control of the Mississippi now exposed the Lower South to attack. The Final Battles in Virginia 1864–65 In the war’s final phase early in 1865, Sherman closed one arm of a pincers by marching north from Savannah, while Grant attacked Lee’s last defensive positions in Petersburg and Richmond. Lee retreated from them on April 2 and surrendered at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. The Casualties Mount up This Chart of the ten costliest battles at the Civil War shows of the relentless toll of casualties (killed, wounded, missing, captured) on both Union and Confederate Soldiers. This painting by William C. Washington, Jackson Entering the City of Winchester, shows the dashing Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson saving the Virginia town from Union capture in 1862. Jackson and other Confederate generals evoked fierce loyalty to the Confederacy. Unfortunately, by the time this victory was commemorated, Jackson himself was dead, killed by friendly fire at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May of 1863. SOURCE:1863 –1865,in.(120.3 x150.3 cm.)Valentine Museum Library,Richmond, Virginia (34726). 48 1/8 x 60 1/8 The contrast between the hope and valor of these young southern volunteer soldiers, photographed shortly before the first battle of Bull Run, and the later advertisements for substitutes (at right), is marked. Southern exemptions for slave owners and lavish payment for substitutes increasingly bred resentment among the ordinary people of the South. SOURCE:(a)First Virginia Regiment,Cook Collection.Valentine Museum Library/Richmond History Center;(b)Richmond Dispatch , Library of Congress. This recruiting poster for African Americans in 1863 (they were barred from enlistment before then) depicts a regiment of black union soldiers adjacent to their white commander. Nearly 200,000 African American men—1 in 5—served in the Union army or navy. SOURCE:P.S.Duval &Son,Come and Join Us Brothers ,lithograph,1863,Chicago Historical Society. Nurse Ann Bell shown preparing medicine for a wounded soldier. Prompted by the medical crisis of the war, women such as Bell and “Mother” Bickerdyke actively participated in the war effort as nurses. SOURCE:Union Hospital.Center of Military History,U.S.Army. A black man is lynched during the New York City Draft Riots in July 1863. Free black people and their institutions were major victims of the worst rioting in American history until then. The riots were more than a protest against the draft; they were also an outburst of frustration over urban problems that had been festering for decades. SOURCE:Culver Pictures,Inc. Abraham Lincoln toured Richmond, the Confederate capital, just hours after Jefferson Davis had fled. This photograph, taken April 4, 1865, shows Yankee cavalry horses in the foreground, and the smoldering city in the background. It gives a sense of the devastation suffered by the South and the immense task of rebuilding and reconciliation that Lincoln did not live to accomplish. SOURCE:Library of Congress.