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This Currier and Ives lithograph shows the opening moment of the Civil War. On April 12,
1861, Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard ordered the shelling of Fort Sumter in
Charleston harbor. Two days later, Union Major Robert Anderson surrendered, and
mobilization began for what turned out to be the most devastating war in American history.
SOURCE:The Granger Collection,New York (0011697/4GCR303).
The Furnace of Civil War,
1861-1865
A Harvest of
Death, Gettysburg,
July 1863
(Library of
Congress)
This patriotic painting shows the departure of New York’s Seventh Regiment for Washington
in mid-April of 1861. Stirring scenes like this occured across the nation following “the
thunderclap of Sumter” as communities mobilized for war.
SOURCE:Departure of the 7th Regiment ,N.Y.S.M.,April 19,1861,George Hayward.Watercolor on paper.Museum of Fine Arts,Boston.
Let’s Review
Drifting toward Disunion
1854-1861
• Theme: A series of major North-South crises
in the late 1850s culminated in the election of
antislavery Republican Lincoln to the
presidency in 1860. His election caused seven
southern states to secede from the union and
form the Confederate States of America
Drifting Towards Disunion
• Confrontations in the 1850s deepened
sectional hostility:
– Uncle Tom’s Cabin fanned N. antislavery
feelings
– Bleeding Kansas (Civil War preview?)
– Pres. Buchanan supported proslavery
Lecompton Constitution alienated the north
– Congressman Brook’s beating Senator Sumner
Drifting Toward Disunion
• 1856 election signaled rise of sectionally
based Republican party
• Dred Scott thrilled S., made N. defiant
• Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858 deepened
national controversy over slavery
• John Brown’s raid on Harper’s ferry made him
martyr to N, cause fear of slave revolt in S.
• Democratic party split in 4 ways allows
Lincoln to win in 1860
Drifting Toward Disunion
• Seven southern states secede and organized
the Confederate States of America.
• Lame-duck President Buchanan proved unable
to act to save union
• Last-minute Crittenden Compromise effort
failed because Lincoln’s opposition
Let’s Review
Girding for War, 1861-1865
• Themes: The North uses its long-term advantages
of industrial might and human resources to wage a
devastating total war against the South.
• The war helped modernized and organize northern
society, while the South, despite heroic effort, was
economically and socially crushed
• Lincoln’s skillful political leadership kept Border
states in the Union, maintained northern morale and
kept Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy
Review—Girding for War
• South Carolina’s firing on Fort Sumter arouse
the North for war. Lincoln’s call for troops
drove four upper South states into the
Confederacy. Lincoln kept the border states
• Confederacy advantage=upper class European
support, military leadership, and defensive
position on own land
• Northern advantage=lower-class European
support, industry, population and political
leadership
Review—Girding for War
• The changes in society opened new
opportunities for women, who had contributed
significantly to the war effort in both the North
and South.
• Since most of the war was waged on Southern
soil, the South was left devastated by the war
People to know
• Elizabeth Blackwell—1st American female
physician and pioneer in developing medical
knowledge and health care for women and
children
• Clara Barton—Civil War nurse who founded
and led the American Red Cross for 23 yrs
– Saw lack of medicine after Battle of Bull Run,
organized her friends to provide 1st aid. Went to
Europe after the War and learned of Red Cross
Eagle cartoon
Eagle cartoon
"Annihilation to Traitors," screams
the American Eagle as it watches various evil and
slimy creatures hatching in its nest enfolded in the American flag. Various southern
secession leaders are named, some being shown as beasts, while a copperhead snake,
the popular cartoon image representing northerners who sympathized with the southern
cause, prepares to strike at the national symbol. The Union states are represented as
healthy eggs, holding out promise for the future. (Library of Congress)
Antietam by James Hope
Antietam by James Hope
A painting of the Antietam battlefield by James Hope, a Union soldier of the Second
Vermont Infantry, shows three brigades of Union troops advancing under
Confederate fire. The building in the painting, a Dunker church, was the scene of
furious fighting. (Antietam National Battlefield, Sharpsburg, Maryland)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The Furnace of Civil War
1861-1865
• Theme: The Civil War, begun as a limited struggle
over the Union, eventuall became a total war to end
slavery and transform the nation
• Theme: After several year of seesaw struggle, the
Union armies under Ulysses Grant finally wore
down the Southern forces Under Robert E. Lee and
ended the Confederate bid for Independence as well
as the instiution of slavery
Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady
Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady
Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in
the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other
in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight.
(National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Chapter Summary
• The Union defeat at Bull Run ended Northern
complacency about a quick victory
• McClellan and other union generals proved
unable to defeat tactically brilliant confederate
armies under Lee
• The Union naval blockade put a slow but
devastating economic noose around the South
Fun Fact
• General Stonewall Jackson sent this
message to the Confederate War
Department
– “Send me more men and fewer
questions.”
Fun Fact
• One of the correspondents of the
New York Tribune during the Civil
war was Karl Marx, who reported
on politics in Europe
Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew
Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the
war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When
Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited
in line to see them. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Chapter Summary
• In order to retain the border states, Lincoln
had to de-emphasize any intention to destroy
slavery
• The Battle at Antietam, 1862, enabled Lincoln
to prevent foreign intervention and turn the
struggle into a war against slavery
• Blacks and abolitionists joined happily, but
white resentment in part of the North created
political problems for Lincoln
Antietam
Antietam
In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their
battery. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Fun Fact
• In late 1862 General Grant issued the following
order:
– “The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade
established by the Treasury Department and also
Department orders, are hereby expelled from the
department within twenty-four hours.”
• It has been said, in Grant’s defense, that by “Jews”
he meant peddlers and traders, and that he was not
anti-Semitic.
Fun Fact
• Ulysses S. Grant’s name is really Hiram Ulysses
Grant. He changed it to Ulysses Hiram after going
to West Point. He thought people would make fun
of his initials, H.U.G.
• A military error later changed the Hiram to Simpson
and he left it that way
• Grant was a BIG drinker and spender
• After leaving the presidency, he took a tour of
Europe that left him bankrupt.
• He wrote his memoirs (read them, they’re great)
while dying of throat cancer.
Chapter Summary
• The Union victories at Vicksburg in the West
and Gettysburg in the East finally turned the
military tide against the South
• Southern resistance remained strong, but the
Union victories at Atlanta and Mobile assured
Lincoln’s success in the election of 1864 and
ended the last Confederate hopes
• The war ended the issues of disunion and
slavery, but at a large cost to N. and S.
This striking photograph by Thomas C. Roche shows a dead Confederate soldier, killed at
Petersburg on April 3, 1865, only six days before the surrender at Appomattox. The new medium of
photography conveyed the horror of the war with a gruesome reality to the American public.
SOURCE:Library of Congress.
Appomattox
In the spring of 1865, Lee and remaining troops,
outnumbered two to one, still held Petersburg and
Richmond.
Starving, short of ammunition, and losing men in
battle and desertion every day, Lee retreated on April
2.
Seven days later Lee and his 25,000 troops
surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
Confederate troops were given parole and sent home.
They could not be tried for treason in the future.
On May 10, Jefferson Davis, who hoped to set up a
new government in Texas, was captured and the war
came to a close.
Lee with his son after the surrender
Lee with his son after the surrender
After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army
and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady
took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel
Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on
the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress)
Atlanta's Depot, 1864
Atlanta's Depot,
1864
Atlanta's depot in
ruins after
Sherman's siege
of the city in
1864. (Library of
Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Sherman’s Campaign in Georgia,
1864 Ulysses S. Grant and William
Tecumseh Sherman, two like-minded
generals, commanded the Union’s
armies in the final push to victory.
While Grant hammered away at Lee
in northern Virginia, Sherman
captured Atlanta in September (a
victory that may have been vital to
Lincoln’s reelection) and began his
March to the Sea in November 1864.
Sherman’s March to the Sea--1864
• General Sherman believed that he and he alone
could bring the Civil War to an end if only he
could decimate the Rebel cause by striking out
and burning the Confederacy.
• This was what his March to the Sea was all about
the end result was correct. The South was brought
to its knees.
• The final nail in the coffin, so to speak, was
General Sherman’s brutal slash and burn policy
as he trampled the Confederacy all the way to the
sea.
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman's March to the Sea
Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of
"bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864,
destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows
Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn
bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
This photograph,
taken a month before
his inauguration,
shows Lincoln looking
presidential. It was
clearly intended to
reassure a public still
doubtful about his
abities.
SOURCE:Photograph
of Abram Lincoln,
February 24,1861.
Mary Todd Lincoln
Death of a President
• On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was
assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington by
John Wilkes Booth.
• For the people of the Union, the joy of victory
was muted by mourning for their great leader.
The South, initially happy soon realized they
would miss his moderate vision—2nd inaugural
• Andrew Johnson becomes President, and the
ordeal of Reconstruction begins
Fun Fact
• Booth was a well-known actor and had
appeared on the Ford's Theater stage
many times; Lincoln had actually seen
him there in an 1863 performance of
The Marble Heart
Ford’s Theater
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
• With malice toward none, with charity for all, with
firmness in the right as God gives us to see the
right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in,
to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him
who shall have borne the battle and for his widow
and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and
cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves
and with all nations.
—Abraham Lincoln
March 4, 1865
John Wilkes Booth
• Prominent Shakespearean actor, son of famous actor
that went insane
• John W. Booth probably not insane, but was
emotionally unstable (he would occasionally go into
a rage at the sight of a cat and kill them)
• In 1864 planned to abduct Lincoln
• Booth eventually shot himself at capture
• “I am not a murderer. I have done nothing that a soldier on the
battlefield would not do. I do not regret what I have done.”
John Wilkes Booth
• Booth was part of a conspiracy; while he shot
Lincoln, others were supposed to attack vicepresident Andrew Johnson and Secretary of War
William Seward.
• Seward was stabbed but survived;
• Johnson was never attacked, and became president
upon Lincoln's death.
• Four of Booth's co-conspirators were hung on 7 July
1865...
The people who helped Booth
American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady
American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865
by Mathew Brady
At the war's end, the U.S. flag flew over the state capitol in
Richmond, Virginia, which bore many marks of destruction.
(National Archives )
Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over
25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the
camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in
northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Black Troops from Company E
Black Troops from Company E
Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in
1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African
Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago
Historical Society)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Overall Strategy of the Civil
War The initial Northern
strategy for subduing the
South, the so-called
Anaconda Plan, entailed
strangling it by a blockade at
sea and obtaining control of
the Mississippi River. But at
the end of 1862, it was clear
that the South’s defensive
strategy could only be broken
by the invasion of Southern
territory. In 1864, Sherman’s
“March to the Sea” and
Grant’s hammering tactics in
northern Virginia brought the
war home to the South. Lee’s
surrender to Grant at
Appomattox Courthouse on
April 9, 1865, ended the
bloodiest war in the nation’s
history.
MAP 16.1b Overall Strategy of the Civil War
MAP 16.1c Overall Strategy of the Civil War
Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia
Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia
Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those
who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady
Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady
Clean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over
unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady
Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady
An exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam, taken by Mathew Brady,
opened in October of 1862 in New York City. Although few knew it, Brady's vision
was very poor, and this photograph of Confederate dead was actually made by his
assistants, Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Contraband slave group
Contraband slave group
A group of "contrabands" (liberated slaves) photographed at Cumberland Landing,
Virginia, May 14, 1862, at a sensitive point in the war when their legal status was
still not fully determined. The faces of the women, men, and children represent the
human drama of emancipation. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker
First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker
During the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into
Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the
one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the
fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President
Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's
force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow
of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862
Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862
This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South
Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved
African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Fording the Rappahannock River
Fording the Rappahannock River
When federal troops came close enough those slaves who could do so fled behind
Union lines. These Virginia fugitives, lugging all their possessions, move toward
freedom in the summer of 1862, after the Second Battle of Bull Run. (Library of
Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
This engraving celebrating the
Emancipation Proclamation first
appeared in 1863. While it places a
white Union soldier in the center, it also
portrays the important role of African
American troops and emphasizes the
importance of education and literacy.
(The Library Company of Philadelphia)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee
Both General Grant and General Lee
were West Point graduates and had
served in the U.S. Army during the War
with Mexico. Their bloody battles
against each other in 1864 stirred
northern revulsion to the war even as
they brought its end in sight. (National
Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Scott's Great Snake
Scott's Great Snake
General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power
by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In
this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the
Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg
battlefield. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Soldiers War--Union infantry camp
Soldiers War--Union infantry camp
Union soldiers in camp, posing for a photograph, with black servants. The drudgery
of camp life never prohibited soldiers from displaying their individuality. (National
Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Stand Watie
Stand Watie
A successful planter following
the "Trail of Tears," Stand
Watie allied with the
Confederacy in 1861, raising a
volunteer regiment called the
Cherokee Mounted Rifles. By
war's end, Watie had risen to
the rank of brigadier general in
the Confederate army and was
the last field officer to
surrender after the fall of
Richmond. (Special
Collections, John Vaughan
Library, Northeastern State
University, Tahlequah,
Oklahoma)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864
The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864
Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to
garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened
troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Union Prisoner at Salisbury, NC
Union Prisoner at Salisbury, NC
Civil War prison camps were not all deprivation. This illustration shows Union
prisoners of war playing baseball. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag
Unionists of East Tennessee swearing
by the flag
Like the citizens in western Virginia,
people in eastern Tennessee remained
faithful to the Union. Men like those
shown here swore allegiance to the
United States flag and tried to split the
state in two--one rebel and the other
loyal--but Confederate troops put a stop
to their efforts. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
War dead, Fredericksburg
War dead, Fredericksburg
Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the
realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell
shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg,
Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using
their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that
veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Wounded at Fredericksburg
Wounded at Fredericksburg
In this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many
women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges.
Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who
were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their
wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Fun Fact
• The last veteran of the American
Revolution died in 1867
Major Battles in the East, 1861–62 Northern
Virginia was the most crucial and the most
constant theater of battle. The prizes were the
two opposing capitals, Washington and
Richmond, only 70 miles apart. By the summer
of 1862, George B. McClellan, famously
cautious, had achieved only stale-mate in the
Peninsular campaign. He did, however, turn
back Robert E. Lee at Antietam in September.
Major Battles in the Interior, 1862–63
Ulysses S. Grant waged a mobile war,
winning at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in
Tennessee in February 1862, and at Shiloh in
April, and capturing Memphis in June. He
then laid siege to Vicksburg, as Admiral David
Farragut captured New Orleans and began to
advance up the Mississippi River.
The Turning Point: 1863 In June, Lee
boldly struck north into Maryland and
Pennsylvania, hoping for a victory that
would cause Britain and France to
demand a negotiated peace on
Confederate terms. Instead, he lost the
hard-fought battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3.
The very next day, Grant’s long siege of
Vicksburg succeeded. These two great
Fourth of July victories turned the tide in
favor of the Union. The Confederates
never again mounted a major offensive.
Total Union control of the Mississippi now
exposed the Lower South to attack.
The Final Battles in Virginia
1864–65 In the war’s final phase
early in 1865, Sherman closed
one arm of a pincers by marching
north from Savannah, while Grant
attacked Lee’s last defensive
positions in Petersburg and
Richmond. Lee retreated from
them on April 2 and surrendered
at Appomattox Court House on
April 9, 1865.
The Casualties Mount up This Chart of the ten costliest battles at the Civil War shows of the
relentless toll of casualties (killed, wounded, missing, captured) on both Union and
Confederate Soldiers.
This painting by William C. Washington, Jackson Entering the City of Winchester, shows the
dashing Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson saving the Virginia town from Union capture in
1862. Jackson and other Confederate generals evoked fierce loyalty to the Confederacy.
Unfortunately, by the time this victory was commemorated, Jackson himself
was dead, killed by friendly fire at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May of 1863.
SOURCE:1863 –1865,in.(120.3 x150.3 cm.)Valentine Museum Library,Richmond, Virginia (34726). 48 1/8 x 60 1/8
The contrast between the hope and valor of these young southern volunteer soldiers,
photographed shortly before the first battle of Bull Run, and the later advertisements for
substitutes (at right), is marked. Southern exemptions for slave owners and lavish payment
for substitutes increasingly bred resentment among the ordinary people of the South.
SOURCE:(a)First Virginia Regiment,Cook Collection.Valentine Museum Library/Richmond History Center;(b)Richmond Dispatch , Library of Congress.
This recruiting poster for African Americans in 1863 (they were barred from enlistment before
then) depicts a regiment of black union soldiers adjacent to their white commander. Nearly
200,000 African American men—1 in 5—served in the Union army or navy.
SOURCE:P.S.Duval &Son,Come and Join Us Brothers ,lithograph,1863,Chicago Historical Society.
Nurse Ann Bell shown preparing medicine for a wounded soldier. Prompted by the medical
crisis of the war, women such as Bell and “Mother” Bickerdyke actively participated in the war
effort as nurses. SOURCE:Union Hospital.Center of Military History,U.S.Army.
A black man is lynched during the New York City Draft Riots in July 1863. Free black people
and their institutions were major victims of the worst rioting in American history until then. The
riots were more than a protest against the draft; they were also an outburst of frustration over
urban problems that had been festering for decades. SOURCE:Culver Pictures,Inc.
Abraham Lincoln toured Richmond, the Confederate capital, just hours after Jefferson Davis had
fled. This photograph, taken April 4, 1865, shows Yankee cavalry horses in the foreground, and the
smoldering city in the background. It gives a sense of the devastation suffered by the South and the
immense task of rebuilding and reconciliation that Lincoln did not live to accomplish. SOURCE:Library of Congress.