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THE CIVIL WAR The Tide of War Turns Section 5 P536-543 Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville • Frustrated by McClellan’s lack of aggressiveness, Lincoln replaced him with Ambrose Burnside • Burnside attacked Confederate troops at Fredericksburg, Virginia. • Six times Burnside launched frontal assaults on Confederate positions. • The Union army suffered nearly 13,000 casualties, twice the number suffered by Lee's men. • After the defeat at Fredericksburg, Lincoln replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker. • In May 1863, Hooker tried to attack Lee's forces from a side (flanking) position. • In just ten minutes, Confederate forces routed the Union army at the Battle of Chancellorsville. • “Stonewall” Jackson was shot by his own men and died from a blood clot and pneumonia. Battle of Gettysburg • Largest and bloodiest battle of Civil War • More than 51,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, captured, or went missing in three days. • It was an important victory for the Union because it stopped Lee’s plan of invading the North. • First Day • Lee’s forces were gathered at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on July 1, 1863. • Ran into Union forces under General George G. Meade, beginning the Battle of Gettysburg • Union took up defensive positions • Second Day • Lee ordered attack on Union troops on Little Round Top. • Both sides fought viciously for control. • Union forces held off Confederates. • Third Day • Lee planned attack on center of Union line. • General George Pickett led 15,000 men in Pickett’s Charge, a failed attack on Cemetery Ridge. • Lee began planning retreat to Virginia. Aftermath of Gettysburg Turning Point • Gettysburg was turning point of war—Lee would never again attack in the North. • Some 23,000 Union and 28,000 Confederate casualties • Victory came the same day as the Union capture of Vicksburg. Gettysburg Address • Lincoln gave speech called Gettysburg Address at dedication of battlefield cemetery. • He praised bravery of Union soldiers and renewed commitment to winning the war. Wilderness Campaign • Lincoln was impressed with Grant’s victories; gave him command of Union army. – Grant forced Lee to fight series of battles in Virginia that stretched Confederate soldiers and supplies to limit. • Wilderness Campaign: series of battles designed to capture Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, in 1864. – Grant kept moving toward Richmond but suffered huge casualties. – Failure to capture Richmond by election of 1864 distressed Lincoln. • Lincoln needed a victory from the Union army to help him win reelection in 1864 • General William Tecumseh Sherman’s campaign to destroy South’s railroads and industries provided Lincoln his victory. • Sherman left Tennessee with 100,000 men. • Sherman’s troops marched south from Tennessee in the spring on 1864 to Capture Atlanta, Georgia. • Sherman practiced Total War, destroying civilian and economic resources, hoping it would ruin the south’s economy. • He hoped this would speed an end to the war. • Sherman believed defeating the Confederate Army was not enough. • The railroads, factories, and farms that supported those armies must also be destroyed. • “The will of the people must be crushed.” • Sherman urged Lincoln and Grant to allow him to march through the South, living off the land and destroying all resources not needed by his army. • They thought it was a risky move since Hood’s army was close. • Sherman sent half his men with George Thomas to pursue Hood. • With the other half he would march. • “I will move through Georgia, smashing things to the sea…I can make the march, and make Georgia Howl!” • Sherman’s troops burned everything of military value in Tennessee and Mississippi. • Now they would do the same in Atlanta, burning 1/3 of the City. • Sherman did not wait long to begin his next campaign. • His goal was the port city of Savannah, Georgia. • Sherman ordered his troops to destroy railways, bridges, crops, livestock, and other resources. • They burned plantations and freed slaves. • When Sherman reached Savannah he left behind a path of destruction 60 miles wide. • Sherman’s March led to southern anger that would last for generations. • Sherman plans to head toward Richmond, VA. • He must go through South Carolina to get there. • “I’m Going to march to Richmond.....and when I go through South Carolina it will be one of the most horrible things in the history of the world. The devil himself couldn’t restrain my men in that state.” • "I have never burnt a house down yet, but if we go into South Carolina I will burn some down if I can get the chance." Federal soldier • "Today commences the destruction of South Carolina, and we gave her a good initiation." Wisconsin officer • Speed and efficiency were his objectives. • He avoided conflicts and moved fast. • The Confederates were scared and confused because they didn’t know where Sherman would show up. • At least a dozen towns were burned to the ground. • There is controversy as to how the fires started at Columbia. • More farms and homes were destroyed than could be counted. • Foragers took anything they could get their hands on. • The railroad system in South Carolina was wiped out. • Sections up to 40 miles long were destroyed. • Sherman had marched nearly unopposed through the heart of the Confederacy. • When word spread, the people of South Carolina began to call Sherman the Devil. • "Sherman has come: he is knocking at the gate. Oh God! Turn him back! Fight on our side and turn him back"!: A young confederate girl in Columbia, South Carolina. • "I don’t see any horns. You are supposed to have horns." A child's answer to Sherman's question of why he repeatedly was staring at his head. Appomattox • Grant broke through Confederate defenses at Petersburg, Virginia, and Lee retreated to Richmond on April 2, 1865. • Grant surrounded Lee’s army. • Lee surrendered to Grant at the small town of Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. Casualties • Killed and mortally wounded in combat • Union: 111,904 • Confederate: 94,000 • Total: 205,904 • Died of Disease • Union: 197,388 • Confederate: 140,000 • Total: 337,388 • Died in Prison • Union: 30,192 • Confederate: 26,000 • Total: 56,192 • Various Deaths • Union: 24,881 • Confederate: N/A • Total: 24,881 • Total Deaths • Union: 364,345 • Confederate: 260,000 • Total: 624,365