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CHAPTER
11
The Civil War
Overview
Time Lines
SECTION
1 The Civil War Begins
SECTION
2 The Politics of War
SECTION
3 Life During Wartime
SECTION
4 The North Takes Charge
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5 The Legacy of the War
Chapter Assessment
Transparencies
CHAPTER
11
The Civil War
“Whatever may be the result of the contest, I
foresee that the country will have to pass through
a terrible ordeal . . . for our national sins.”
General Robert E. Lee
THEMES IN CHAPTER 11
Constitutional Concerns
Economic Opportunity
Science and Technology
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CHAPTER
11
The Civil War
“Whatever may be the result of the contest, I
foresee that the country will have to pass through
a terrible ordeal . . . for our national sins.”
General Robert E. Lee
What do you know?
• What do you already know about the Civil
War? Why did Americans choose sides and
fight one another?
Read the quote above and answer the following:
• What is Lee’s vision of events to follow?
• What do you think he considers to be “our
national sins”?
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CHAPTER
11
Time Line
The United States
April 1861 Fort Sumter is taken by Confederates.
July 1861 Union loses at Bull Run.
April 1862 Union avoids defeat at Shiloh.
September 1862 Antietam results in huge
casualties.
Lincoln issues the preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation.
January 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation
takes effect.
July 1863 The Union wins at Gettysburg and
Vicksburg.
1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox.
Lincoln is assassinated.
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CHAPTER
11
Time Line
The World
February 1861 Victor Emmanuel II’s Kingdom of
Italy is inaugurated.
March 1861 Serfs in Russia are emancipated by
Alexander II.
September 1862 Otto von Bismarck is named
minister-president of Prussia.
June 1863 Shir ‘Ali Khan becomes amir of
Afghanistan.
June 1864 Maximilian of Austria becomes the new
emperor of Mexico.
July 1864 Taiping Rebellion in China ends
with the fall of Nanjing.
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SECTION
1
The Civil War Begins
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Learn About
the military strategies and actions of the first two years
of the Civil War.
To Understand
how the war became a more prolonged, deadly conflict
than anyone had predicted.
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1
The Civil War Begins
Key Idea
The secession of Southern states causes the
North and South to take up arms.
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SECTION
1
The Civil War Begins
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Section 1 Assessment
SUMMARIZING
What are some newspaper headlines that summarize the key
Civil War battles fought in 1861 and 1862?
Month
1861
Headline
•April
•Confederates Shell Ft. Sumter–War
•July
•Confederate Triumph at Bull Run
Month
•February
•April
•September
1862
Headline
•Grant Beats Back Attack at Shiloh–
Farragut Seizes New Orleans
•Grant’s Forces Capture Fort Henry
and Fort Donelson
•McClellan Falters After Victory
at Antietam
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1
The Civil War Begins
Section 1 Assessment
HYPOTHESIZING
What if Virginia had not seceded from the Union in 1861?
Speculate on how this might have affected the course of the
war.
THINK ABOUT
• Virginia’s influence on other Southern states
• Virginia’s location and its human and material resources
• how the North’s military strategy might have
been different
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SECTION
1
The Civil War Begins
Section 1 Assessment
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
What were General McClellan’s major tactical errors?
THINK ABOUT
• the North’s and South’s military strategies
• the outcome of the Seven Days’ Battles and the Second
Battle of Bull Run
• events at the Battle of Antietam
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SECTION
2
The Politics of War
Learn About
the political issues that arose during the Civil War.
To Understand
how divided Americans were over the course and
purpose of the war.
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SECTION
2
The Politics of War
Key Idea
President Lincoln issues the Emancipation
Proclamation and makes slavery the focus
of the war.
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2
The Politics of War
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Section 2 Assessment
SUMMARIZING
What were some of the political measures President Lincoln
took to solve the problems his administration faced?
Slavery
Issued the Emancipation
Proclamation
Dissent
Suspended the writ of
habeas corpus
Shortage of soldiers
Spurred Union to adopt
draft laws
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2
The Politics of War
Section 2 Assessment
FORMING OPINIONS
Do you think that Lincoln’s measures to deal with disloyalty
and dissent represented an abuse of power?
THINK ABOUT
• conditions of wartime versus peacetime
• Lincoln’s primary goal
• Supreme Court Justice Roger Taney’s view of
Lincoln’s powers
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2
The Politics of War
Section 2 Assessment
ANALYZING ISSUES
Why might the Emancipation Proclamation be considered a
turning point of the Civil War?
THINK ABOUT
• how the Emancipation Proclamation redefined the purpose
of the war
• the Proclamation as a political maneuver
• the Proclamation’s effect on military action
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3
Life During Wartime
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the wartime experiences of civilians, soldiers, and
African Americans.
To Understand
the social and economic changes created by the Civil
War.
SECTION
3
Life During Wartime
Key Idea
The war creates social and economic changes
as people struggle with the loss of family
members, property destruction, and the
impending end of slavery.
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3
Life During Wartime
SUMMARIZING
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Section 3 Assessment
3
What economic changes occurred in the North and South as
a result of the Civil War?
ECONOMIC CHANGES
NORTH
SOUTH
•expansion of many
industries
•rampant inflation
•increase in labor-saving
machines
•decline of the plantation
system
•lower wages for white male
industrial workers
•shortage of food and other
items
•decline in standard of living
•more employment opportunities
for women
•more employment
opportunities for women
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3
Life During Wartime
Section 3 Assessment
3
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
What effects did the Civil War have on women and African
Americans?
THINK ABOUT
• new opportunities in both the North and the South
• discriminatory practices that persisted for both groups
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SECTION
3
Life During Wartime
Section 3 Assessment
SYNTHESIZING
Imagine you were one of the Northern women and doctors
who convinced the government to establish the Sanitary
Commission. What reasons would you have offered to justify
this commission?
THINK ABOUT
• the health dangers soldiers faced
• the twofold task of the Sanitary Commission
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SECTION
4
The North Takes Charge
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Learn About
the battles and political events of the final two years of
the war.
To Understand
why the Union won the Civil War.
SECTION
4
The North Takes Charge
Key Idea
Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg
help the Union wear down the Confederacy
and win the war.
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4
The North Takes Charge
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Section 4 Assessment
SUMMARIZING
What were some of the major battles and political events
relating to the final two years of the Civil War?
May 1863
South defeats North
at Chancellorsville.
November 1863
Lincoln delivers
Gettysburg Address.
July 1863
North defeats South at
Gettysburg
and Vicksburg.
September 1864
Sherman takes
Atlanta.
March 1864
Lincoln appoints Grant
commander of Union
armies.
April 1865
Lee surrenders
at Appomattox.
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4
The North Takes Charge
Section 4 Assessment
ANALYZING ISSUES
Grant and Sherman presented a logical rationale for using the
strategy of total war. Did the end—defeating the
Confederacy—justify the means—causing harm to civilians?
THINK ABOUT
• their reasons for targeting the civilian population
• Sherman’s quoted remarks on page 336
• Eliza Frances Andrews’s observations about
Sherman’s march
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4
The North Takes Charge
Section 4 Assessment
EVALUATING
Is a general’s win-loss record on the battlefield the best
gauge of measuring his greatness as a military leader? Why
or why not?
THINK ABOUT
• Grant’s campaign in Virginia, Sherman’s march to Atlanta,
and Lee’s surrender
• Democrats’ and Northern newspapers’ criticism of Grant
• the criteria you would use to evaluate a military leader
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5
The Legacy of the War
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Learn About
the economic, political, military, and social
consequences of the Civil War.
To Understand
why historians consider the Civil War a crucial turning
point in U.S. history.
SECTION
5
The Legacy of the War
Key Idea
The Civil War settles long-standing disputes
over states’ rights and slavery.
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SECTION
5
The Legacy of the War
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Section 5 Assessment
SUMMARIZING
What were the political, economic, technological, and social
consequences of the Civil War?
POLITICAL: freed enslaved people;
ended secession threat;
increased federal government’s power
CONSEQUENCES OF
THE CIVIL WAR
ECONOMIC: strengthened banking system;
stimulated economic growth of the North
and contributed to the economic decline of the South;
created sizable war debt
TECHNOLOGICAL: heightened importance
of weaponry in warfare; led to new military strategies,
such as trench warfare
SOCIAL: disrupted families because of staggering
loss of lives; many disabled veterans
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5
The Legacy of the War
Section 5 Assessment
ANALYZING ISSUES
What political and social issues from the Civil War era do
you think are still issues today?
THINK ABOUT
• the Thirteenth Amendment
• the changing role of the federal government during and
after the Civil War
• the new weapons used to fight the war
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SECTION
5
The Legacy of the War
Section 5 Assessment
HYPOTHESIZING
Imagine that you are a member of a group of Southern
leaders who must rebuild the South after the war. What
would you recommend that the government do to help the
South?
THINK ABOUT
• the economic devastation of the South
• the human costs of the war
• the numbers of newly freed slaves
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Chapter
11
Assessment
1. What were the military strategies of the North and
South at the onset of the Civil War?
2. What advantages did the North have over the South?
What advantages did the South have over the North?
3. How did each of these groups—slaves, free-born
African Americans, Democrats, Union soldiers, and the
Confederacy—react to the Emancipation Proclamation?
4. What precedent in governing the nation did Lincoln set
for future wartime presidents?
5. What acts of protest or resistance occurred in both the
North and the South because of economic and social
changes during the war?
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Chapter
11
Assessment
6. Briefly describe the war crimes committed against
prisoners at Fort Pillow and Andersonville.
7. Cite events that illustrate the South’s deteriorating
morale after defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
8. What was Grant and Sherman’s rationale for using the
strategy of total war?
9. How did the Civil War provide the economic
foundation for the United States to become an
industrial giant?
10. Give examples of new military machinery and
technological improvements in weapons used during
the Civil War.
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