Download Georgia Studies

Georgia Studies
Unit 4: Civil War and
Reconstruction
Lesson 1: Antebellum Georgia
Study Presentation
Lesson 1: Antebellum Georgia
• Essential Question
-How do political policies influence growth
and development?
-How did national political issues lead to
the decision for Southern states to secede
from the Union?
Differences: North and South
• Class Structure: North generally based on wealth; South
based on wealth and being “born into the right family”
• Slavery: Practice of forcing a person, that was considered
property, to work for you with no pay and with no rights. North
wanted it abolished (done away with); South supported it
• Southern plantation system consisted of large and small
categories; the wealthiest had the most land and the most
slaves
• Economy: Northern based on mining, industry, banks, stores,
and railroads; Southern based on agriculture, including cotton,
rice, and indigo
• Southerners resented tariffs, which raised import prices; the
South imported more than the North
States’ Rights and Nullification
• States’ rights: Beliefs that the state’s interests take
precedence over interests of national government
• Northern states believed that all states should abide by
laws made by the national government
• Southern states believed that states had right to govern
themselves and decide what would be best for their own
situation
• Many Southern states believed that if the US Government
created laws that took away their right to own slaves then
those states had the right to nullify those laws.
• Nullification-Legal theory that states have a right to nullify,
or invalidate, a law which that state viewed as
unconstitutional.
The Missouri Compromise
• Compromise (agreement or settlement) between
the northern and southern states; approved in
1820.
• Maine entered the Union as a free state, and
Missouri entered as a slave state
• 11 states allowed slavery and 11 states did not
• Prohibited slavery north of 36º20’ latitude (the
southern border of Missouri), and included
Louisiana Territory lands west of Missouri
• Temporarily solved slavery controversy between
the states
The Compromise of 1850
• Compromise between northern and southern states in
1850
• California would enter Union as a free state
• New Mexico territory would not become part of Texas or
a guaranteed slave state
• The District of Columbia would no longer trade slaves,
but slave owners there could keep their slaves
• Runaway slaves could be returned to their owners in
slave states
• Utah and New Mexico territories could decide if they
wanted to allow slaves or not
The Georgia Platform
• The Georgia Platform-Statement from the
Georgia Convention in response to the
Compromise of 1850. Supported by Union
states, the Georgia Platform stated that
the Southern states would agree to follow
the Compromise of 1850 (and not leave
the Union) as long as northern states
would no longer attempt to take away
rights from southern states.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
in 1854; nullified the Missouri Compromise and
broke the peace created by the Compromise of
1850
• Led to the creation of the Republican Party and
further divided the northern and southern states
• Those territories had right of popular sovereignty
• Popular sovereignty: When a territory asked for
statehood, the people could vote on slavery
• Freesoilers in those territories fought against
Abolitionists and proslavery supporters
The Dred Scott Supreme Court
Case and Decision
• Supreme Court ruling in 1857
• A slave filed suit after he lived in free states with
his owner but was returned to slave state
• Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and
could not file lawsuits
• Court also ruled that Congress could not stop
slavery in the territories
• Decision further separated the North and South
The Abolitionists
• Led the movement to do away with slavery. Many northern
whites, some southern whites, and free blacks were involved
• Made speeches, wrote books and articles, and offered their
homes as safe houses for runaway slaves
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), by Harriet Beecher Stowe, portrayed
slavery’s evils; the book sold more than 1 million copies
• Many abolitionists assisted slaves in their escape from southern
states to the north. Many of these slaves escaped on the
Underground Railroad.
• The Underground Railroad was not a railroad or underground but
instead was a series of roads, houses, river crossings, boats,
wagons, woods, and streams where white and black citizens
(known as conductors) would assist slaves in the escape
attempts.
• One famous conductor was Harriet Tubman. Tubman was an exslave that personally helped more than 300 slaves escape to
freedom
Slave Rebellions
• Turner led bloody rebellion in Virginia; between
57 and 85 people died; Turner was hanged
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion and other unsuccessful
rebellions prompted strict laws across the South,
known as Slave Codes, designed to curtail slave
movements, meetings, and efforts to learn to
read and write
• These laws applied to both slaves and freed
blacks and gave slave owners near-absolute
power over their human property.
Freed Blacks and Slaves
• 500,000 freed blacks; only 6 percent lived
in South (mostly Virginia and Maryland)
• By 1860, 11.5 percent of nation’s 4 million
slaves lived in Georgia
• 3, 500 freed blacks lived in Georgia by
1860
• Slaves in the lower South cultivated “King
Cotton” which accounted for 50% of
America’s exports
Election of 1860
• In 1860, Abraham Lincoln, a Republican from Illinois,
won election at President of the US
• Northern states favored a Republican candidate that
would help to abolish slavery. Southern states favored
candidates that supported States’ Rights
• Northern States, California and Oregon supported
Lincoln
• Most Southern states supported John C. Breckinridge
• Most Border states supported either Stephen Douglas or
John Bell
Georgia’s Pre-War Economy
• 68,000 farms by 1860; cotton was chief crop
• 500 plantations (500 acres or more); most farms
were less than 100 acres
• 60% of Georgians owned no slaves; only 236
had 100 or more slaves
• Half of Georgia’s total wealth was in slaves
($400 million)
• 1,890 factories in Georgia by 1860; about $11
million in value
Debate Over Secession in GA
• Georgians were, for the most part, for the Union;
however, they were strongly for states’ rights
• Despite lawmakers’ strong debates for and
against secession (leaving the union/country), a
Secession convention began in January 1861 in
Milledgeville, the capital
• A secession ordinance (bill) passed by a vote of
208-89
• The Southern states who seceded met in
Montgomery, Alabama in February, 1861; they
formed the Confederate States of America
Georgians in Leadership
• Alexander H. Stephens served as a Representative in
Congress from Georgia from 1843-1859. During this
time he spoke against southern secession. However,
after the southern states seceded from the Union
Stephens was elected as Vice President of the
Confederate States of America (CSA) in 1861.
• Robert Toombs was named Secretary of State of the
Confederate States of American
• Governor Joseph E. Brown favored secession and
used his terms as governor to prepare Georgia for war
Georgia Studies
Unit 4: Civil War and
Reconstruction
Lesson 2: The Civil War
Study Presentation
Lesson 2: The Civil War
• Essential Question
-How did key military, political, and
economic strategies influence the
outcome of the Civil War?
The War Begins: Southern
Secession
• April 10, 1861, Major General P.G.T.
Beauregard leads bombardment of Fort
Sumter, in Charleston Harbor
• Federal troops an laborers inside Fort
Sumter surrender on April 13
• Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Virginia secede from the Union
• President Abraham Lincoln calls for
75,000 troops to put down the rebellion
and protect Washington
Assembling Armies
• Most soldiers volunteered at first, but later men were
conscripted (drafted to serve in the armies)
• Some men received bounties (money) to sign up;
some signed up, received the bounty, then deserted
(ran away)
• Poorer men sometimes accepted money to fight in
place of wealthier men who didn’t want to serve
• Some 178,985 enlisted men served in black
regiments during the Civil War; almost all fought for
the Union
• Boys as young as 10 served in both armies;
thousands of soldiers were between 14 and 16
years old
Resources-North and South
Industry v. Agriculture
• North had more people from which to create and
resupply armies
• North had more factories, better railroad system,
and most of the nation’s food growing farms and
wealth
• South had more experienced military leaders,
and were highly motivated to defend their
familiar homeland and to win independence.
• Most Southern farms were used to grow cash
crops (cotton, etc.), so trade (cotton for
weapons/supplies) was very important to the
South.
Military Strategies
• Union (North):
-Union blockaded of GA’s coast-Close all Southern ports
(using ironclads-armored ships) to prevent cotton
exports and imports of weaponry from foreign countries
-Destroy Confederate armies on the battlefield
-Lay waste to the Southern land, so that civilians would
call for an end to the war
• Confederacy (South):
-Wear down the Union armies, which would hasten the
northerners’ desire to end the war
-Use swift raiders (small, fast ships) to help break the
Union blockade
-King Cotton Diplomacy: Convince France and England
to help the Confederacy by stopping the export of Cotton
to these countries
Notable Battles Outside of GA
• Battle of Antietam- Sept. 17, 1862 near
Sharpsburg, Maryland. Bloodiest single day of
the Civil War. Union Army defeated the
Confederate Army (under the leadership of
Robert E. Lee). About 2,000 Northerners and 2,
700 Southerners were killed and 19,000 people
were wounded.
• Battle of Gettysburg-July 1 to July 3, 1863 in
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Union Army defeats
the Confederates. Union suffers 23,000
Causalities (dead and wounded soldiers).
Confederacy suffers 28,000 causalities.
Freeing the Slaves
• President Abraham Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation on September
22, 1862
• Document gave the Southern Confederacy a
choice: Quit the war and keep slavery alive or
keep fighting and slaves would be forever
free
• Deadline was January 1, 1863
• The Confederate leaders continued the war
and the slaves were declared free by the
United States government in 1863.
The Fall of Fort Pulaski
• More than 100 battles or skirmishes in
Georgia; 92 happened in 1864 during the
Atlanta and Savannah campaigns
• First battle, April 10, 1862, was at all-brick
Fort Pulaski, near Tybee Island
• Rifled cannon used by U.S. Army in warfare
for the first time; the Confederates
surrendered the fort in less than two days
• No brick American forts were built after this
battle
The Battle of Chickamauga
• Fought in September 1863
• Seven miles south of Chattanooga,
Tennessee
• Chattanooga was major railroad center and
was important to the movement of supplies
and troops for the Confederacy
• Union troops were driven back to
Chattanooga; Confederates did not follow-up
on their victory by attacking retreating
soldiers
• Union reinforcements later recaptured the city
of Chattanooga
Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign
• Late Spring/Early Summer 1864: William Tecumseh
Sherman’s Union Army fought series of battles
against Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate Army in
an attempt to capture/destroy the important
Confederate rail and supply center of Atlanta
• Confederates continued to retreat further southward
into Georgia
• June 27, 1864: Sherman attacked Johnston at
Kennesaw Mountain; Sherman was unable to defeat
the Confederate troops but continued toward Atlanta
• July 1864: Confederate General John Bell Hood
replaced Johnston, battled Sherman, then
concentrated defenses in Atlanta
The Battle of Atlanta
• Sherman surrounded the city and laid siege
• Hood wanted to lure Sherman into the city to fight,
but that didn’t work
• Fighting continued during July and August 1864
• Hood and Atlanta’s citizens finally evacuated the city
on September 1, 1864
• Sherman burns the city in mid-November then
begins his march toward Savannah and the sea.
The Army then burned all but about 400 of Atlanta’s
buildings (approximately 90% of Atlanta was
burned/destroyed)
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Part of the Lay Waste Strategy-Sherman’s Union
army destroys everything in its path, 300 miles
from Atlanta to Savannah
• A sixty mile-wide area is burned, destroyed, and
ruined during a two-month period
• Estimated losses exceeded $100 million
• Captured, but did not burn, Savannah in
December 1864
• Union troops loaded and shipped $28 million
worth of cotton, stored in Savannah, to the North
The Civil War Ends
• January 13, 1865: Fort Fisher in North Carolina
captured; the last Confederate blockade-running
port
• General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Virginia cannot
defeat Union General Ulysses S. Grant at
Petersburg; he surrenders his army at
Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865
• Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Vice
President Alexander Stephens (from GA) flee
and are eventually captured
Civil War Prisons
• Both North and South had prisons for captured
soldiers; thousands of men on both sides died in
these prisons
• Andersonville Prison, in Southwest Georgia, was
overcrowded, and offered poor food,
contaminated water, and poor sanitation; 13,700
Union soldiers are buried there
• Captain Henry Wirtz, Andersonville Prison
commander, was later hanged for “excessive
cruelty”
• Andersonville is now home to the National
Prisoner of War Museum
The Aftermath
• 620,000 people died during the war; about
two-thirds died from diseases, wounds, or
military prison hardships
• In order to reenter the United States the
South would have to endure political,
emotional, and physical reconstruction
• Healing of emotional wounds took far longer
than the war itself
• The North or the South would never be the
same again
Georgia Studies
Unit 4: Georgia in a Divided Nation
Lesson 3: Reconstruction
Study Presentation
Lesson 3: Reconstruction
• Essential Question
-How did political action and social
reaction change the Southern culture after
the Civil War?
Conditions in Georgia (and the
South) at the end of the war:
• Farms were in ruins; not enough food
• Homes, railways, bridges, roads were
destroyed or in need of repair
• Banks were closed-Confederate money was
worthless
• The state owed $20,000,000 in war debt
• 25,000 Georgians had died of wounds or
disease-many more were crippled and could
not work
Freed Slaves (Freedman)
•
•
•
Problems of freedman (former slaves):
-Homeless
-Hungry-Not enough food
-Uneducated
-Free for the 1st time
-No property or goods; many freedman began
working in sharecropping or tenant farming to
survive
Many former slaves feared re-enslavement
Most whites had difficulty treating freedman as
free persons since they had previously been
slaves and were treated as property.
Sharecropping and Tenant
Farming
• Sharecropping
-Landowner provides a
house, land, equipment,
animals, fertilizer, and
seeds.
-The landowner issued credit
to the worker to buy
medicine, food, clothing,
and other supplies
-The landowner gets a share
of the crop and crops to
pay any debt owed
Sharecroppers rarely had any
cash
• Tenant Farming
-Landowner provides
house and land
-Landowner received a set
amount of cash or a
portion of the crop at
the end of the season
-Tenant farmers usually
made a small profit.
The Freedman’s Bureau
• Started as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, and
Abandoned Lands by U. S. Government in 1865
• Its purpose was to help freed slaves and poor whites with
the basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter
• The purpose shifted to education:
-Set up 4,000 primary schools
-Started industrial schools for jobs training
-Started teacher-training schools
• Missionaries started schools like Atlanta University,
Morehouse College, and Clark College to give freedmen
opportunities at higher education
Reconstruction Plans: Lincoln’s
Plan
• Lincoln wanted to rebuild and return the south to the
Union as soon as possible
• “Reconstruction” would have two parts:
-Southerners would be pardoned after taking an oath
of allegiance;
-When 10% of voters had taken the oath, the state
could rejoin the Union and form a state government
• Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865 during a play
at Ford’s Theater by actor John Wilkes Booth
• Vice President Andrew Johnson took over as
President
Reconstruction Plans: Lincoln’s
Plan (Con’t)
• Lincoln’s plan to reconstruct the south was
challenged. Some northerners called
“Radical Republicans” thought the south
should be more severely punished
• The Radical Republicans wanted to make
sure the freedmen retained their new right
• Confederate President Jefferson Davis was
captured and imprisoned
Reconstruction Plans:
Johnson’s Plan
• In addition to Lincoln’s requirements,
President Johnson added a few more.
Southern states had to:
-Approve (ratify) the 13th Amendment
(outlawing slavery);
-Nullify their ordinances of secession
-Promise not to repay money borrowed
during the war
The Constitutional Convention of
1865
• President Johnson appointed James
Johnson as Georgia’s provisional Governor
• Governor Johnson held a Constitutional
Convention. The representatives voted to
abolish slavery and repeal the ordinance of
secession
• Elections were held in November 1865 for a
new legislature
• The General Assembly voted to extend rights
to freedman.
Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress was angry about Georgia’s Black
Codes, so it passed the Civil Rights Act of
1866. This law gave:
-citizenship to all freedman
-the federal government power to intervene
any time civil rights were taken from
freedman
• The 14th Amendment was passed granting
citizenship to freedman and required “equal
protection under the law.”
Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress required southern states to ratify the 14th
amendment
• Georgia and most of the other southern states
refused
• Congress abolished these states’ governments and
put them under military rule
• Georgia was ruled by General John Pope
• Pope was required to register all male voters-black
and white. These voters would elect new
representatives to form a new state government
Constitutional Convention of
1867
• Georgia male voters elected delegates to the
convention to create a new state constitution.
• Delegates were carpetbaggers (northerners who had
moved south) ,scalawags (southerners who sided
with the republicans), and blacks
 Accomplishments of the Convention:
-A new constitution ensuring civil rights for all
citizens
-Free public education for all children;
-Women were allowed to control their own property.
 Georgia had satisfied Congress, so general Pope
and his troops left the state.
Henry McNeal Turner and Black
Legislator
• The election of 1867 was the first time African
Americans in Georgia were able to vote.
• Several African Americans were elected to
Georgia’s General Assembly (Legislative Branch)
• Rev. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the first
black men elected in Georgia.
• The African Americans elected to the General
Assembly were expelled ( kicked out of office) in
1868.
• It was argued by whites that civil rights laws gave
blacks the right to vote but not to be elected to
office.
Ku Klux Klan
• Secret organization – originally started as a
social club for men returning from the war.
• Members hid behind robes and masks.
• The group terrorized blacks to keep them
from voting
• As a result, Congress passed “The Georgia
Act” and sent troops back to Georgia.
• The act required Georgia to pass the 15th
Amendment giving all males the right to vote.
The End of Reconstruction
• The African Americans who had been
expelled from the General Assembly in
1868 were readmitted by the Georgia
Supreme Court in 1870.
• Georgia’s General Assembly approved
the 14th and 15th Amendments.
• Georgia was readmitted to the Union,
ending Reconstruction in Georgia.