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MIDDLE CHILDHOOD: Emotional and social development The Quest for SelfUnderstanding Erickson Erikson’s Stage of Industry Versus Inferiority Self-Image: The overall view that children have of themselves. Self-Esteem Coopersmith: Parental attitudes associated with development of high self-esteem. High self-esteem; accepting of children Enforced clearly-defined limits Respect for children’s rights and opinions Self-Regulated Behaviors Emotionally Disturbed (ED) children: Cannot control their over-impulsive or aggressive behaviors toward others. Understanding Emotion Fear: unpleasant emotion aroused by impending danger, pain or misfortune. Phobia: excessive, persistent and maladaptive fear response. Stress: process involving the recognition of and response to a threat or danger. Coping The responses we make in order to master, tolerate, or reduce stress Problem-focused Emotion-focused Locus of control Our perception of who or what is responsible for the outcome of events and behaviors in our lives. Trauma: any extremely stressful event that affects a child’s emotional and psychological well-being. Continuing Family Influences Mothers and Fathers Employed Mothers 77% of all mothers work. Caregiving Fathers Sibling Relationships Average of three children under age 18 in household Stepsiblings, half-brothers, half-sisters, adopted siblings, nonrelated “siblings” Children of Divorce Wallerstein and Kelly tasks for child: Accept divorce Get back to previous routine Resolve the loss of the family Resolve anger and self-blame; forgive Accept permanence of divorce Believe in relationships Single-Parent Families Bray and Heatherington: If children have a good relationship with the single parent and income stress is not a factor, they are inclined to be better adjusted than if they remain in a two-parent home that is a divided and hostile environment. Stepfamilies 75-80% of divorced parents remarry. Reconstituted or blended families Later Childhood: The Broadening Social Environment The World of Peer Relationships Peer relationships assume a vital role in children’s development. Developmental Functions of Peer Groups Arena in which children can exercise independence from adult control Experience relationships with equal footing with others Position of children is not marginal Peer groups transmit informal knowledge. Gender Cleavage The tendency for boys to associate with boys and girls with girls Children fashion coherent gender-based identity. Maccoby - Factors for segregation: Differing styles for interacting Girls have difficulty influencing boys Popularity, Social Acceptance and Rejection Group: two or more people who share a feeling of unity and are bound together in relatively stable patterns of social interactions Values Criteria people use in deciding the relative merit and desirability of things Sociogram: depicts patterns of choice among members of a group. Physical Attractiveness Culturally defined Behavioral characteristics Popular: Successful Unpopular: Social isolates Introverted Overbearing, aggressive Social Maturity Increases during early school years Racial Awareness and Prejudice Prejudice: a system of negative conceptions, feelings and action orientations regarding the members of a particular religious, racial, or nationality group The World of School Developmental Functions Teach specific cognitive skills Share with family responsibility for transmitting cultural goals and values Serve as “sorting and sifting” agency selecting young people for upward social mobility Motivating Students Motivation: the inner states and processes that prompt, direct, and sustain activity. Intrinsic: undertaken for its own sake. Extrinsic: undertaken for some purpose other that its own sake. Causality: factors that produce given outcomes. Social Class The higher the social class: Greater number of grades children complete Greater participation in extracurricular activities Higher scores on achievement tests Lower rates of failure, truancy, suspensions and dropping out Middle-Class Bias Middle-class teachers, unaware of prejudice, find lower socioeconomic status students unacceptable Subcultural Differences Different experiences and attitudes Educational Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Teacher expectation effects