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Psychology Notes
Day 1
Why we study Psychology
Why do we study psychology
►To
better understand why
people act as they do
►Psy is the study of behavior
►What is behavior?
►Anything you say, think, or do
2-types of behavior
►Voluntary
(you have control)
►Involuntary (you have no
control) – heart beat, blood
pressure
►Involuntary manslaughter???
Psychology includes all mental
processes
►Thoughts
►
►
Memories
dreams
Psychology also study emotions
►Are emotions voluntary or
involuntary
►Emotions effect behavior
and mental processes
►Example anxiety=increased
heart rate, nail biting, and
an inability to concentrate
Psychology as a science
►It is a social science
►It deals with the structure
of human society and the
nature of the individuals
that make it up
►Research and test theories
►Lots of gray area (ESP)
Our favorite question is WHY
► Why
do people think, feel and behave in a
certain way?
► There are lots of reasons: Personality, social
norms, social pressures, personal beliefs
and values, behavior results in a reward or
fulfills an internal or emotional need. It
could be simple learning or modeling… Each
person and situation must be looked at
individually
Has there ever been a time
you did something that was
against your values because
of social pressure?
Social Influence
► Efforts
by one or more individuals to change
the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, or
behaviors of one or more others
► We frequently try to influence others or are
influenced by others
► Varying levels of explicitness
Type of Social Influence
► Conformity:
when we change our attitudes
in order to adhere to existing social norms
► Compliance: direct request from one person
to another
► Obedience: when someone orders another
to perform some action, and the person
complies
Continuum of Social Influence
► Social
influences vary in the degree of
pressure they exert on the individual and
how much risk is involved in resisting that
influence
Conformity
► In
most contexts there are social norms:
explicit or unspoken rules indicating how we
should behave
► Explicit Examples?
► Implicit Examples?
Social Norms
► Every
formal, informal, or awkward situation
in you life is guided by social norms and
etiquette
► Table manners, greeting/meeting new
people, where you stand to pee (if you’re a
guy)
Implicit Elevator Norms Made
Explicit by: ElevatorRules.com
Elevator Norms
► Calling/Waiting
► If
you are going up or down one floor, use the
stairs! This rule should especially be observed
during peak traffic times like morning and
afternoon rush.
► Exceptions:
1. When you have a cart, stroller or large
packages
2. When the elevator is empty
3. If you are disabled or injured
Elevator Norms
► Calling/Waiting
► NEVER
re-push the call button after
someone has already pushed it. This
indicates that you either do not understand
how the button works, or you do not trust
the person that has already pushed the
button to do an adequate job of it.
Elevator Norms
► Calling/Waiting
► Wait
for the Door: If you arrive as a door is
closing, regardless of how many people are
in the car, DO NOT press the button. The
people in the car are already prepared
mentally for their trip and do not need to be
interrupted. WAIT for the door to close
completely before pressing the button.
Elevator Norms
► Boarding
► While
waiting to board, stand AWAY form
the door opening. DO NOT board the car
unless you are sure no one is getting off on
your floor. If there is someone exiting, allow
them to clear the door before attempting to
board.
Elevator Norms
► Where
to Stand
► You should stand as close to a wall as possible.
Consider your destination floor and stand near the
back if you are going to a high floor. If you know
you are getting off shortly, stand toward the front.
If you choose to stand near the buttons,
understand that you may have increased
responsibility.
► Always allow as much space as possible between
you and the passengers. Always stand facing the
door.
Elevator Norms
► Pressing
Floor Buttons
► No re-pressing: Pay attention to which buttons
have been pressed when you enter the elevator.
Once a button has been pressed, nothing more
can be done. Re-pressing the floor button will not
make the elevator get you to your floor any faster.
Re-pressing is disrespectful to the person that has
already pressed the button and is generally
irritating.
Elevator Norms
► Pressing
Floor Buttons
► Press for Others: If you find yourself close to the
button panel in an elevator, you have the
additional responsibility of button management. It
is your job to make sure the other riders have had
the button for their floor pressed. This keeps
people from reaching through a crowd to the
button panel and eliminates the stress for those
that cannot reach the buttons.
Elevator Norms
► Pressing
Floor Buttons: Make a Mistake?
► Take steps to ensure that the only buttons being
pressed are the ones for which floor a passenger
must exit. However, in the event that you
mistakenly press a button for the wrong floor, wait
until the doors open on that floor and apologize to
those who remain in the elevator. You may press
the door closed buttons to cut down on wasted
time.
Elevator Norms
► Calling/Waiting
► If
pressing the call button would require you
to push through someone, it is acceptable
to ask someone else to push the call button
for you as long as they are not further away
from it or unable to reach the button for you
(i.e. coffee in their hands, etc.)
Urinal Norms
The Urinal Test
Easy Section: #1
Easy Section: #2
Kind of Tricky Section: #3
Kind of Tricky Section : #4
Subtle, Tricky, but Important to
Know Section: #5
Very Tricky Indeed Section: #6
Easy Section: #1
Easy Section: #1
Easy Section: #2
Easy Section: #2
Kind of Tricky Section: #3
Kind of Tricky Section: #3
Kind of Tricky Section : #4
Kind of Tricky Section: #4
Subtle, Tricky, but Important to
Know Section: #5
Subtle, Tricky, but Important to
Know Section: #5
Very Tricky Indeed Section: #6
Very Tricky Indeed Section: #6
How do We Learn Norms?
► Social
Modeling
► Operant Conditioning
► Classical Conditioning
► Others?
Are Norms a Good or a Bad Thing?
► Pros:?
► Cons:?
Cohesiveness
► We
are influenced by those we like
► Cohesiveness is all of the factors that bind
group member together
► High cohesiveness means we like, identify
with, and feel strong ties to others
► This increases pressure to conform
Group Size
► Conformity
increases with group size
► Asch found effect up to three
► Other research has found effect up to eight
Why do we conform?
Compliance
► Direct
request from one person to another
► Much research conducted with ‘compliance
professionals’
Cialdini’s Field Research:
6 Basic Principles of Persuasion
► Friendship/Liking:
More likely to comply with
those we like
► Commitment/Consistency: Once we commit
ourselves to something, we are more likely
to behave in a way that’s consistent with it
► Scarcity: We value scarce or rare things
Cialdini’s Field Research:
6 Basic Principles of Persuasion
► Reciprocity:
more likely to comply with
someone who has done a favor for us
► Social validation: likely to comply with
things that we think others like us are doing
► Authority: more likely to comply with
someone who holds legitimate authority
Friendship/Liking
► Impression
management techniques
► Ingratiation: getting others to like us so
they’ll be more likely to agree with our
requests
Commitment/Consistency
► Foot
in the door technique
► Requester begin with a small request and
then , when this is granted, escalate to a
larger one
► Saying ‘no’ after ‘yes’ is inconsistent
► Lowball procedure: offer a deal then, after
the person has accepted it, change it
Reciprocity
► “do
unto others as they have one unto you”
► Door in the face technique: begin with a
large request and then retreat to a smaller
one
► That’s not all technique: offer additional
benefits to target persons
► Samples
Scarcity
► Playing
hard to get
► Deadline technique
Obedience
► When
someone orders another to perform
some action, and the person complies
► Used less frequently than other techniques
Why do we obey?
Why do we obey?
► Diminished
responsibility
► Social norms
► Foot in the door
► Little time for reflection