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EMPHIN forum Kelly Evans Regional Social Marketing Development and Support Manager (East Midlands) Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre Who am I? Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre why? 1. Why should we focus on Social Marketing? Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre www.nsmcentre.org.uk Economic and Societal Costs Behaviour/ Illness Alcohol misuse Smoking Obesity Cost to individuals and households (less benefits) £22.6b (£1.6b) £18.9b (£1 b) £4.7b Cost to public health / care services Less null hypothesis £3.2b (£0.4b) £2.7b (£0.3b) £1.5b (£0.2b) £1.7b (£0.2b) £9.1b (£1b) Costs to other public services ( Less taxes) £5.0b (£2.9b) £1.1b (£9.1b) £0.1b NA £10.2b Costs to employers £7.3b £2.0b £1.5b £2.2b £4.2b Human values £21.9b £25.9b £11.4b £40.8b £25.0b Total Economic Cost Total Societal Cost £33.2b £55.1b £14.3b £40.2b £7.6b £19.0b £16.3 b £57.1b £27.9b £52.9b QALYs 507,000 529,000 233,000 829,000 1,085,000 Value per QALY Economic Societal £65,000 £109,000 £27,000 £77,000 £33,000 £82,000 £20,000 £69,000 £26,000 £49,000 www.nsmcentre.org.uk CVD £12.6b Mental Illness £15.6b (£10.2b) The bottom line “If we continue to do what we’ve always done, then we will only get what we’ve always got” • Social Marketing is not a panacea or magic bullet, but: • Growing evidence and experience (particularly from countries like Canada, Australia and USA) show that when Social Marketing is applied effectively, and in the appropriate context, it can be a powerful tool for achieving tangible and measurable impact on behaviours. • Currently across England we are missing a trick by failing to fully realise its potential. • Improving the level of understanding and application of Social Marketing is therefore critical if we are to achieve real and measurable impacts on people’s behaviour(s) across a range of different policy and practice agendas. www.nsmcentre.org.uk Recognition of need to change Increasing recognition that traditional communications and ‘message-based’ approaches are only having a very limited impact on people’s actual behaviour www.nsmcentre.org.uk Kicking bad habits • The case for change is clear. Not only do unhealthy behaviours bring personal costs in terms of ill health but they also bring significant and rising costs to the NHS and to society as a whole. The NHS must now deliver by investing in interventions and programmes that provide effective support to help people change their behaviour, in the short term and the longer term. www.nsmcentre.org.uk what? 2. What is social marketing? Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre Social marketing is NOT social advertising Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre Social Marketing in not advertising on bus shelters, buses, billboards… www.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing is not about good creative and shock tactics… www.nsmcentre.org.uk Some definitions Social Marketing is… ‘The systematic application of marketing alongside other concepts and techniques, to achieve specific behavioural goals, for a social good’ French, Blair-Stevens 2006 www.nsmcentre.org.uk The roots of social marketing ‘two parents’ Social policy Marketing social sciences, social reform, social campaigning commercial & public sector SOCIAL MARKETING Both areas contribute valuable expertise, skills, techniques and theory www.nsmcentre.org.uk Difference of approach Communications & ‘message based’ approach crafting ‘our messages’ accurate / relevant / clear communicating the messages creative / clever / funny / impactful / interesting / attention grabbing / etc Customer based social marketing approach understanding the customer generating ‘insight’ what ‘moves & motivates’ directly informing intervention options (intervention mix & marketing mix) Starts with the customer and what’s important to them www.nsmcentre.org.uk Seeing the customer in their social context indirect degree of personal control Each level has direct and indirect influences on the other levels direct www.nsmcentre.org.uk Expert defined objectives and targets Strategies: programmes and plans Expert knows best model Implementation: adapt to consumer wants and needs Evaluate programme and plans www.nsmcentre.org.uk Moving toward consumer orientation Consumer wants and needs Public driven model Policy objectives and targets Marketing strategy Evaluation Learning and refinement www.nsmcentre.org.uk Key attributes of Social Marketing 1: CUSTOMER UNDERSTANDING / RESEARCH 2: BEHAVIOUR & BEHAVIOURAL GOALS 3: THEORY BASED & INFORMED 4: ‘INSIGHT’ 5: SEGMENTATION 6: ‘COMPETITION’ 7: ‘EXCHANGE’ 8: INTERVENTION & MARKETING MIX National Benchmark Criteria www.nsmcentre.org.uk Benchmark Criteria www.nsmcentre.org.uk Customer orientation Developing a full understanding of your audience, based on good market and consumer research and combining data from different sources. Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre www.nsmcentre.org.uk A different kind of ‘customer’ “lifestyle magazine containing articles on fashion, beauty, reader stories, celebrities, song words… … everything that is important in the life of girls aged 7 to 11” – Go Girl Magazine 50% of teenagers consume another media while watching TV – Pincott, Russell 2006 70% of three year olds recognise the McDonalds symbol but only half of them know their own surname NCC 2005 Pester Power… 67% car purchases are influenced by children (US) – Sue Palmer www.nsmcentre.org.uk The joy of exercise ? www.nsmcentre.org.uk The Stacker Quad Burger “We’re satisfying the serious meat lovers by leaving off the produce and letting them decide exactly how much they can handle” “A typical buyer isn’t driving in there with a BMW and an expense account. They’ve got a couple of bucks in their pocket and their big objective is to get full” Denny Marie Post Chief Concept Officer Burger King “Healthy eating is more a state of intention than it is of action” Burger King “We listened to consumers who said they wanted to eat fresh fruit – but apparently they lied.” Wendy’s Spokesperson Research – plenty of it! • Industry monitoring • Social climate monitoring • Consumer research • Family shopping behaviour www.nsmcentre.org.uk Information is a key critical success Information is a key critical success factor factor “Customer intelligence is now a key factor in differentiating winners from the losers..” Business Week Best Performers 2007 www.nsmcentre.org.uk Insight A deep ‘truth’ about the customer based on their behaviour, experiences, beliefs, needs or desires, that is relevant to the task or issue and ‘rings bells’ with target people. Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre It’s not just about collecting lots of data… www.nsmcentre.org.uk …but developing ‘actionable insights’ Moving beyond the data • Important to move away from simply identifying and collecting a wide range of information, data and intelligence • Towards identifying potential ‘insights’ within the data and intelligence – and then testing these with the audience sources of information & intelligence data understanding www.nsmcentre.org.uk insight pre-testing sharing & applying Starts with understanding people How do you make men’s urinals cleaner and cut down on cleaning costs? www.nsmcentre.org.uk www.nsmcentre.org.uk My child is always safest in my arms. God decides when to take my baby. CREATE A SERVICE… …have a priest bless the car seats. www.nsmcentre.org.uk Exchange What’s in it for me? Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre Exchange Financial Embarrassment Physical pain Fear of unknown Time consuming Make friends Feel included Feel better Energy Look better COSTS BENEFITS www.nsmcentre.org.uk A balancing act 1: Giving up smoking 2: Immunisation 3: Condom use 1: Loss of enjoyment 1: Saves me money 2: Fear of doing harm 2: Peace of mind that my child is protected 3: Lost of ‘the moment’ 3: Free from risk of pregnancy costs benefits www.nsmcentre.org.uk Example: Going for a Mammogram • Fear of finding cancer • Offer counselling • Going to the hospital • GP surgeries • Waiting for the results • Reduce wait time • Finding a parking place • Provide adequate parking costs benefits www.nsmcentre.org.uk Drinking and Driving www.nsmcentre.org.uk Problem solved? www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation Come on! Are we really all the same? Segmentation…the process of subdividing a market into distinct subsets of customers that behave in the same way or have similar needs. Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre Segmentation • You need a different marketing strategy for each segment – based on a rich profile of their unique characteristics • Targeted strategies will appeal uniquely and effectively to your chosen segment • Detailed segment profiles provide critical insights into what will influence an audience to buy your behaviour www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation YUPPIES Young Upwardly Mobile Professional People DINKE Double Income No Kids DUMP Destitute Unemployed Mature Professional PIPPIE Person Inheriting Parents Property SCUM Self Centred Urban Male SILKY Single Income Loads of Kids SINBAD Single Income No Boyfriend Absolutely Desperate SITCOM Single income Two Children Outrageous Mortgage WOOPIE Well-Off Older Person LOMBARD Loads Of Money But A Right Dickhead www.nsmcentre.org.uk Common Variables Demographic Age Gender Family Size Income Occupation Education Religion Race Generation Nationality Behavioural Geographic World, region or country Country region Postcode City / inhabitants size Density – urban / rural Climate Psychographic Occasions – regular, social Benefits – quality, service, convenience User status – non-user, ex-user, potential Usage rate Loyalty status Readiness stage Attitude towards product Attitudes Motivations Personality Values Beliefs Social Class Lifestyle Adapted from Kotler, Roberto, Lee (2002) www.nsmcentre.org.uk Tools and techniques SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC Who people are Demographics What people do BEHAVIOURS Use and behaviour Media consumption How people think & feel ATTITUDE Needs, benefits, motivations Values and beliefs Influences (reference groups) www.nsmcentre.org.uk A combination of many factors Common segmentation factors Tools and techniques Using common tools and resources SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC acorn BEHAVIOURS Academia ATTITUDES www.nsmcentre.org.uk Overview of common segmentation factors BEHAVIOURS / ‘MODE’ SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ATTITUDES based on what people do based on who people are based on how people think & feel Behaviour & usage, eg Demographics, eg – frequency – place – time – occasion – extent of use (a little / a lot) – persistency (loyalty) – gender – family – age & life stage – household type / composition – education – income & social class – working status – physical status – urban vs rural – postcode & region – mobility – moving frequency – house ownership Activities & interest, eg – type of activity (sport) – lifestyle – car, bike, walk – leisure interest – what money spent on Media consumption, eg – TV channels, radio, press – where most info comes from – internet & digital use – how info is absorbed – what media engaged – access to media Needs, benefits, motivations, eg – need, convenience, reliability, support – beliefs, desires, wants – deep seated drivers (love, hope) Attitudes & beliefs eg: – to life in general – to organisation intervening (local or national body, Govt etc) – life specific (health, food, exercise, race) Influences, eg: – authority figures (teachers, doctors, police, social workers) – parents, friends & peers – role models – community influences MULTI-FACTORAL SEGEMENTATION based on combination of data and factors Adapted from GCN Engage www.comms.gov.uk/engage – data fusion and synthesis – statistical modelling www.nsmcentre.org.uk Tools and techniques Using influencers Personality types Information Networks Protagonists Friendship makers Persuasive Encouraging Perceivers Majority Listen to others Pursue brands The New Persuaders: The changing nature of influence, Opinion Leader Research (2003) www.nsmcentre.org.uk Tools and techniques Using influencers Personality types The Tipping Point Mavens Connectors Accumulate knowledge Impart information Authoritative Information broker Provide the message Make friends & acquaintances Know lots of people Belong to a number of social groups Salesmen Natural exuberance Optimistic & enthusiastic Emotionally contagious Spread the message The power to start ‘word of mouth’ epidemics The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell (2002) www.nsmcentre.org.uk Persuaders Tools and techniques Strengths and weaknesses SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOURS ATTITUDE USING INFLUENCERS SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS Extensively applied (top-down approach). Use of common variables has limited success at grass roots level Extensively applied and considered reasonably effective to determine e.g. usage patterns Usually limited to specific subject. Needs to focus on wider lifestyle issues to use as leverage. Difficult to measure Researched, but where has this been applied? Well researched by social scientists, but where has this been applied? www.nsmcentre.org.uk Behavioural analysis: behavioural goals and segmentation Example: smoking behaviour SEGMENTATION e.g. by relationship to ‘smoking behaviour’ BEHAVIOURAL GOALS “never smoked, never will” behaviour allies / mobilise asset “susceptible to pressure to smoke” positive behaviour promotion - incentives current non-smokers “recent quitter – potential to restart” dynamic interface current smokers behaviour reinforcement, Maintenance support “would like to quit but finding it hard” behaviour ‘change’ “strong entrenched resisters” behaviour controls www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation & targeting A three-staged approach ACTIVITY STAGE 1 INSIGHT Quantitative/qualitative research STAGE 2 PEOPLE PICTURE Explore target audience, develop people portrait STAGE 3 PRIORITISE Target audience/groups www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation & targeting Stage 1: Insight sources RESEARCH Political, legal & economic framework Environmental issues Social trends Technological advancement External Factors Audience Perspectives “Value-Action Gap”… Door stepping/home visits Interviews, focus groups Ethnography Quant & qual surveys Consultation and engagement Existing social research and data sets www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation & targeting Stage 2: Building a ‘people picture’ 3 KEY CONCEPTS General Motivations Reaching Out Adapted from GCN Engage www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation & targeting Stage 2: Building a ‘people picture’ GENERAL Vital statistics Age, gender, location, mobility, trends Social status Social class, income, education Lifestage/family cycle Single, DINKY, family, retirement General attitudes Attitudes to life, work, leisure, family, friends Adapted from GCN Engage www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation & targeting Stage 2: Building a ‘people picture’ MOTIVATIONS Current behaviour Triggers, drivers and barriers, frequency Needs Rational, functional and emotional needs Feel good factor Attitude, beliefs, values, aspirations Passions Loves, hates, must haves Lifestyle Activities, interests, leisure, hobbies Adapted from GCN Engage www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation & targeting Stage 2: Building a ‘people picture’ REACHING OUT Information & Messages Where, when and how get information Level and type of information Where information is derived/sought When and where are most receptive Media picture Key influencers Who do and don’t listen to Who respect Who delivers Adapted from GCN Engage www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation & targeting Stage 3: Prioritising target groups PRIORITIES Readiness to change Stages of change Lower barriers/increase benefits Attractive exchanges Relevance to resource Reachability Bang for buck! Greatest need Characteristics www.nsmcentre.org.uk Segmentation & targeting Seeing the customer/consumer in the round A framework tool (illustrative examples only) www.nsmcentre.org.uk The importance of segmenting Volatile substance abuse – traditional approach How terrifying , I won’t be doing that! So what ? It’s a kids drug, I wouldn’t be seen dead doing that. www.nsmcentre.org.uk MESSAGE Don’t sniff glue or aerosols, they can kill you Hmm, I didn’t know you could sniff glue – I’ll give that a try! Safer sex – traditional approach MESSAGE Practice Safer Sex – Use a Condom Every Time Yes I always do I abstain That’s only for people who sleep around Breaking the rules increases the excitement (transgression) www.nsmcentre.org.uk The importance of segmenting Volatile substance abuse – way forward Break down the audience into clusters with targeted interventions for each group www.nsmcentre.org.uk Theory What do we know about Human behaviour? Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre A basic theory framework A range of DISCIPLINES offering potential insights Ecology Environmental studies Cultural studies Anthropology Environmental factors Economics Marketing Political sciences Sociology Advertising social Engineering Religious studies Physics Education Biology Physiology biophysical Criminology psychodynamic Psychology Neurology Social Psychology Genetics Psychiatry Pharmacology (examples only) www.nsmcentre.org.uk A basic theory framework DISCIPLINES offering potential insights using THEORIES Ecology Cultural studies ‘Heuristics’ & consumer information-processing model Social influence & interpersonal Communication Marketing Diffusion of innovations Economic market theory Cognitive consistency & dissonance Anthropology Environmental factors Economics Social norms & group dynamics Environmental studies Protection Motivation Theory Political sciences Self-efficacy – perceived control Sociology Advertising Stages of change model Social learning theory Social cognitive theory Social capital social Engineering Media studies theory Religious studies Theory of trying Education Theory of planned behaviour Physics Attribution & balance theories Theory of reasoned action Social networks & support Biology Living space & design Indigenous growth Physiology Neuroscience Models of pro-environmental behaviour biophysical Criminology psychodynamic Learning styles theory Instrumental & classical Conditioning Psychology Rossiter-Percy motivational model Neurology Behavioural modification Social Psychology Genetics Psychiatry Pharmacology (illustrative examples of disciplines and theories only) www.nsmcentre.org.uk Value-Action Gap THEORY: Do humans behave in “rational” ways that maximise their individual self-interest? • People do many things by observing others and copying • People do many things without consciously thinking about them • Money undermines people’s intrinsic motivation to do the right thing • People’s self-expectations influence how they behave • People are loss-averse and hang on to what they consider ‘theirs’ • People are genuinely bad at reaching decisions – fear of failure and the consequence of action • People need to feel involved and effective to make a change Source: the New Economics Foundation www.nsmcentre.org.uk Behaviour is affected by more than ‘what I know’ or ‘what I believe’ What I know Information, Knowledge What I believe or feel How I actually act congruence Attitudes, Values Beliefs Actions, Behaviour www.nsmcentre.org.uk Major influences on behaviour Options and choices To consider and assess the impact of different influences on the behaviour of the target audience or customer Re-considering the significance of the market Government policy and its implementation Community assets and resources Social circumstances and context Market forces The economic & business climate Physical and material circumstances Environmental and cultural context Behaviour www.nsmcentre.org.uk Recognising the significance of markets on options and choices Markets Considering the ‘exchange’ of goods and services across all sectors Statutory Commercial Wide range of government and NHS related services local, regional, national) Wide range of private businesses and services (local, national, international) partnerships & alliances Not-for-profit Wide range of bodies & organisations across voluntary and community sector (local, national, international) www.nsmcentre.org.uk Recognising the significance of markets on options and choices Markets While statutory and not-for-profit sectors are important, for most people in terms of the impact on their everyday lives, this diagram might better reflect the reality as it is experienced Commercial Statutory Not-for-profit www.nsmcentre.org.uk Competition Look at the market place… Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre ‘Competition’ Less about a specific company and much more about what is being offered to people… fun/pleasure/enjoyment/taste/ affordability/speed/convenience CB-S 2006 www.nsmcentre.org.uk ‘Competition’ our messages my attention ? www.nsmcentre.org.uk ‘Competition’ everyday life ! my attention ? www.nsmcentre.org.uk ‘Competition’ reality check my attention ? happiness pleasure fun / enjoyment satisfaction www.nsmcentre.org.uk The marketing mix The ‘P’s in marketing Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre It might be advertising on bus shelters, buses, billboards… www.nsmcentre.org.uk Or shock tactics… www.nsmcentre.org.uk Seeing the customer in their social context indirect degree of personal control Each level has direct and indirect influences on the other levels direct www.nsmcentre.org.uk Can I have another ‘P’ please Bob? Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre Marketing mix • Product: what will we be offering the target audience? • Price: what will be the cost (psychological, social, financial) to the consumer to take up this offer? • Place: where are we making this offer available? • Promotion: how are we going to effectively engage with the target audience and promote this offering? • And the 7 P’s applied to the public sector – People, Process and Physical evidence! The 4 Ps of marketing are not Posters, Pamphlets, Public advertising and Publicity events www.nsmcentre.org.uk 80 Accessible Not just another silly promotion We ‘buy into the product’ Price is realistic www.nsmcentre.org.uk Thank you! Nationalwww.nsmcentre.org.uk Social Marketing Centre www.nsmcentre.org.uk