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SOC1023G Social Problems: Unit 12 Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 1 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence References Mooney, L. A., Knox, D., & Schacht, C. (1997). Understanding social problems. Cincinnati, OH: Wadsworth. Mooney, L. A., Knox, D., & Schacht, C. (2000). Understanding social problems (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Wadsworth. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 2 Devotions Each of you should look not only to your own interests, but also to the interest of others. Philippians 2:4 (NIV) “. . .You shall have the same law for the foreigner as for the home-born citizen, for I am Jehovah your God.” God is speaking, Leviticus 24:22 (The Living Bible) A just king gives stability to his nation, but one who demands bribes destroys it. Proverbs 29:4 (The Living Bible) Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 3 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence According to the general U.S. population, CRIME is the worse problem facing the country today. The majority of the U.S. population are “truly desperate” about PERSONAL SAFETY. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 4 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Structural-Functionalist Perspective (Order Paradigm) According to Durkheim and other structuralfunctionalists, crime is functional for society. One of the functions of crime and other deviant behavior is that it strengthens group cohesion: The deviant individual violates rules of conduct which the rest of the community holds in high respect; and when these people come together to express their outrage over the offense . . . they develop a tighter bond of solidarity than existed earlier. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 5 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Structural-Functionalist Perspective (Order Paradigm) There are some studies that indicate that high crime rates produce social isolation instead of social cohesion -in my opinion Durkheim would have responded by saying crime contributes to social cohesion when the accused are given speedy trials and the guilty are given swift and appropriate punishment. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 6 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Structural-Functionalist Perspective (Order Paradigm) Strain theory (Robert Merton) Built on Durkheim’s concept of anomie or normlessness When legitimate means (for example, a job) of acquiring culturally defined goals (for example, money) are limited by the structure of society, the resulting strain may lead to crime Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 7 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Structural-Functionalist Perspective (Order Paradigm) Merton’s Five Types of Adaptation Culturally Defined Goals 1. Conformity 2. Innovation 3. Ritualism 4. Retreatism 5. Rebellion Wednesday, May 24, 2017 Structurally Defined Means + + +/© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender + + +/8 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Structural-Functionalist Perspective (Order Paradigm) Subculture theories Certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence Elijah Anderson explains that many inner-city AfricanAmerican youth live by a survival code on the streets that emphasizes gaining the respect of others through violence--the tougher you are and the more others fear you, the more respect you have in the community Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 9 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Structural-Functionalist Perspective (Order Paradigm) Control theory (Hirschi) Built on Durkheim’s concept of social solidarity--it is what keeps all members of high risk groups from turning to crime Built on four elements of social bonding Attachment to significant others Commitment to conventional goals Involvement in conventional activities Belief in the moral standards of society Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 10 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (Pluralist Paradigm) Labeling theory (Howard Becker) Social groups create deviance by making rules whose infractions constitute deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labeling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act a person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an “offender.” The deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 11 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (Pluralist Paradigm) Primary deviance Deviant behavior committed before a person is caught and labeled as an offender Secondary deviance Deviance that results from being caught and labeled • Stigmatized as a criminal • Deviant label dominates social identity of individual • Primary basis on which the person is defined by others (master status) Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 12 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (Pluralist Paradigm) Differential Association theory (Edwin Sutherland) Through interactions with others, individuals learn the values and attitudes associated with crime as well as the techniques and motivations for criminal behavior Children who see their parents benefit from crime, or who live in high crime neighborhoods where success is associated with illegal behavior, are more likely to engage in criminal behavior Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 13 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (Pluralist Paradigm) Do your parents regularly exceed the interstate speed limit by 10 + miles per hour? Do you imitate the same behavior on a regular basis? Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 14 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Conflict Perspective (Conflict Paradigm) Those in power define what is criminal and what is not, and these definitions reflect the interests of the ruling class. Laws against vagrancy, for example, penalize individuals who do not contribute to the capitalist system of work and consumerism. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 15 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Conflict Perspective (Conflict Paradigm) Conflict theorists argue that law enforcement is applied differentially, penalizing those without power and benefiting those with power. For example, female prostitutes are more likely to be arrested than are the men who seek their services. Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 16 Unit 12: Problems of Violating Social Norms: Crime and Violence: Conflict Perspective (Conflict Paradigm) “There are two criminal justice systems in this country. There is a whole different system for poor people. It’s the same courthouse--it’s not separate-but it’s not equal.” Paul Petterson Public defender Wednesday, May 24, 2017 © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith Bolender 17