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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The Endocrine
System
9
PART A
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lesson 1
 Intro Major Glands & Functions
 Hypothalamus
 Pituitary
(not enough time for all videos)
Location of Major
Endocrine Organs
Word Bank
 Adrenal glands
 Hypothalamus
 Ovaries & Testes
 Pancreas
 Parathyroid glands
 Pineal gland
 Pituitary gland
 Thymus gland
 Thyroid gland
Figure 9.3
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Endocrine System
 Uses chemical messengers called hormones
that are released into the blood to target sites
 Hormones control several major processes
 Reproduction
 Growth and development
 Maintenance of homeostasis
 Regulation of metabolism
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Video - The Endocrine
System (intro)
 Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs
called target cells or organs
 Target cells must have specific shaped protein
receptors
 Which is a target cell for both hormones? Why?
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Control of Hormone Release
 Hormone levels in the blood are mostly
maintained by negative feedback
 A stimulus or low hormone level in the blood
triggers the release of more hormone
 Hormone release stops once an appropriate level
in the blood is reached
 Endocrine glands are activated by other
hormones
 Example: Anterior pituitary hormones
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hypothalamus
Video - Hypothalamus
& Pituitary
 Part of both the
nervous and
endocrine
systems
 Communicates
with the pituitary
gland with both
releasing and
inhibiting
hormones
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Pituitary Gland
 Located in the brain, size of a pea
 Has two functional lobes
 Anterior & Posterior pituitary
 Often called the “master endocrine gland”
because it can affect other glands
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.4
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
 Six anterior pituitary hormones
 Growth hormone
 General metabolic hormone
 Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal
muscles and long bones
 Plays a role in determining final body size
 Causes amino acids to be built into proteins
 Causes fats to be broken down for a source of
energy
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
 Growth hormone (GH) disorders
 Dwarfism: hyposecretion of GH during
childhood
Video Dwarfism
Figure 9.5b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
 Gigantism:
hypersecretion of GH
during childhood
Video - Gigantism (stop at 4:00)
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
 Acromegaly:
hypersecretion of GH
during adulthood
 Enlargement of
facial bones, hands
and feet
Video - Acromegaly
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
 Prolactin (PRL)
 Stimulates and maintains milk production
following childbirth
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal
cortex
 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 Influences growth and activity of the
thyroid gland
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
 Gonadotropic hormones
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Stimulates follicle development in
ovaries
 Stimulates sperm development in
testes
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 Triggers ovulation of an egg in females
 Stimulates testosterone production in
males
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Hormones of the
Posterior Pituitary
 Oxytocin
 Stimulates
contractions of the
uterus during
labor, sexual
relations, and
breastfeeding
 Causes milk
ejection (“let
down”) in a
nursing woman
Video - Labor & Birth (animation)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormones of the
Posterior Pituitary
 Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) aka Vasopressin
 Inhibits urine
production by
promoting water
reabsorption by the
kidneys
 Causes
vasoconstriction of
vessels leading to
increased blood
pressure
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lesson 2
 Thyroid
 Parathyroid
 Adrenal
Endocrine System Diagram Worksheet
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Adrenals
Pituitary
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Hypothalamus & Pituitary Worksheet (pg 159)
hypothalamus
Hypophyseal
fossa
Turk’s saddle
of sphenoid
Anterior pituitary
Posterior
pituitary
ACTH
Growth hormone
(GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
TSH
FSH
LH
Thyroid Gland
 Found at the base of the throat
 Consists of two lobes
 Produces two hormones
 Thyroid hormone (2 iodine based hormones:
thyroxine & triiodothyronine, a.k.a. T4 & T3)
 Major metabolic hormone, controls rate at
which glucose is converted into energy
 Calcitonin
 Decreases blood calcium levels by causing
its deposition on bone
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Thyroid Gland
Figure 9.7a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thyroid Hormone Disorders
 Goiters
 Enlarged thyroid due to lack of iodine
 Salt is iodized to prevent goiters
Figure 9.8
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Thyroid Hormone Disorders
 Cretinism
 Caused by
hyposecretion of
thyroxine
 Results in dwarfism
during childhood but
body proportions
remain childlike
 If untreated can cause
mental retardation
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thyroid Hormone Disorders
 Myxedema
 Caused by
hypothyroidism in
adults
 Results in physical
and mental
sluggishness
 Puffiness of face,
poor muscle tone,
dry skin
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Thyroid Hormone Disorders
 Graves’ disease
 Caused by hyperthyroidism
 Results in increased metabolism, heat
intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss,
and exophthalmos (bulging protruding eyes)
Figure 9.9
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parathyroid Glands
Video - Parathyroid glands &
hyperparathyroidism
 Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
 Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
 Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from
bone to raise calcium levels in the blood
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Hormonal
Regulation
of Calcium
in Blood
Calcitonin
stimulates
calcium salt
deposit
in bone
Calcitonin
Thyroid gland
releases
calcitonin
Thyroid
gland
Rising
blood
Ca2+
levels
Calcium homeostasis of blood
9–11 mg/100 ml
Falling
blood
Ca2+
levels
Thyroid
gland
Figure 9.10
Osteoclasts
degrade bone
matrix and release
Ca2+ into blood
Parathyroid
glands
PTH
Parathyroid
glands release
parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood
parathyroid
 When blood calcium levels fall, the ___________
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
glands release _________________________,
osteoclasts to degrade bone and
stimulating ____________
calcium
release _________into
the blood.
thyroid
 When blood calcium levels rise, the __________
calcitonin stimulating calcium
gland releases ___________,
deposited in bone.
to be __________
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Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood
 Explain why this is an example of negative
feedback.
 Since both hormones involved in the
feedback mechanism can be stimulated AND
inhibited
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Adrenal Glands
 Located on top of the kidneys
 Two regions
 Adrenal cortex — outer glandular region
 Adrenal medulla — inner neural tissue region
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Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
 Produces two similar hormones
 Epinephrine (adrenaline)
 Norepinephrine
(noradrenaline)
 These hormones prepare the
body to deal with short-term
stress (“fight or flight”) by
 Increasing heart rate, blood
pressure, blood glucose levels
 Dilating small passageways of
lungs
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Video - Fight or
Flight Response
Adrenal Gland Disorders
 Addison’s disease
 Hyposecretion of
adrenal
hormones
 Bronze skin tone,
muscles are
weak, burnout,
susceptibility to
infection
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Adrenal Gland Disorders
 Hyperaldosteronism
 May result from an ACTH-releasing tumor in
anterior pituitary
 Excess water and sodium are retained leading
to high blood pressure and edema
 May disrupt activity of heart & nervous system
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Adrenal Gland Disorders
 Cushing’s syndrome
 Results from a
tumor in the middle
cortical area of the
adrenal cortex
 Swollen “moon
face,” “buffalo
hump” of fat on the
upper back, high
blood pressure,
hyperglycemia,
weakening of bones,
depression
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Masculinization
 Results from hypersecretion of adrenal sex
hormones (androgens)
 Beard and male distribution of hair growth
 Effects are masked in males, dramatic in females
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Lesson 3
 Pancreas
 Pineal
 Thymus
 Gonads
 Placenta
Endocrine System & Hormone Function - An
Overview Worksheet (pg 157)
F slower & prolonged
E nervous system
B hormones
D nerve impulses
A cardiovascular
system
Endocrine System & Hormone Function - An
Overview Worksheet (pg 158)
I receptors
N target cells
A altering activity
L stimulating new
K steroid or amino acid based
G neural
C hormonal
D humoral
F negative feedback
B anterior pituitary
J releasing hormones
E hypothalamus
H neuroendocrine
Pancreatic Islets
 The pancreatic islets produce hormones
 Insulin - produced by beta cells of pancreas
 Allows glucose to cross plasma membranes
into cells reducing blood sugar levels
 Glucagon - produced by alpha cells of pancreas
 allows stored glucose to enter the blood,
raising blood sugar levels
 These hormones are antagonists that maintain
blood sugar homeostasis
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Pancreatic Islets
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.14a–b
Beta cells of the pancreas
activated; release
insulin into the
blood
Elevated
blood sugar
levels
Stimulus:
rising blood
glucose levels
(e.g., after
eating four
jelly doughnuts)
Rising blood
glucose levels
return blood sugar
to homeostatic set
point; stimulus for
glucagon release
diminishes
Video - Blood
sugar regulation
Uptake of glucose
from blood is enhanced
in most body cells
Liver takes up
glucose and stores
it as glycogen
Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose
levels (90 mg/100ml)
Blood glucose
levels decline
to set point;
stimulus for
insulin release
diminishes
Stimulus: declining
blood glucose levels
(e.g., after skipping a
meal)
Low blood
sugar levels
Liver breaks down glycogen
stores and releases glucose
to the blood
Alpha cells of pancreas
activated; release
glucagon into blood;
target is the liver
Figure 9.15
Feedback Mechanism of the Liver & Pancreas
 When blood glucose levels rise, _______
beta cells of the
_____________
pancreas release the hormone _________
insulin into the
liver to take up
blood, causing body cells and the ______
glucose and store it as glycogen. This brings blood
glucose levels down to set point.
alpha
 When blood glucose levels decline, __________
cells of the
glucagon into the
_____________
pancreas release the hormone ____________
glycogen
blood, causing the liver to break down ___________
releasing glucose into the blood. This returns blood
glucose levels to set point.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Feedback Mechanism of the Liver & Pancreas
 Is this an example of positive feedback or
negative feedback? How do you know?
 Negative feedback because the responses
can be both stimulated (increased) AND
inhibited (decreased) to maintain
homeostasis
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pancreas Disorders
 Diabetes mellitus
 Inability to regulate blood glucose levels
 3 signs of diabetes
 Polyuria – excessive urination to flush out
glucose & keytones (acidic product of fat
metabolism)
 Polydipsia – excessive thirst resulting
from water loss
 Polyphagia – hunger due to inability to use
sugars
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Pancreas Disorders
 Diabetes mellitus (con’t)
 Type 1 – Juvenile diabetes
 More severe, inability to produce insulin
 Insulin pump worn externally or
administered by planned injections
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pancreas Disorders
 Diabetes mellitus (con’t)
 Type 2 – Adult onset diabetes
 Insulin resistance (receptors don’t
respond to insulin well)
 Controlled with diet or oral medications
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pineal Gland / Body
 Secretes melatonin
 Helps establish the body’s day-night cycles
 Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility
in humans, inhibiting the reproductive system
to prevent sexual maturation before adult body
size is reached
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Thymus Gland
 Located posterior to the
sternum
 Largest in infants and
children (shrinks with age)
 Releases thymosin
 Matures T-cells (a type
of white blood cell)
 Important in developing
the immune system
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Gonads
 Ovaries (female gonad)
 Produce eggs / ova
 Produce two groups of
steroid hormones
 Estrogens
 Progesterone
 Testes (male gonad)
 Produce sperm
 Produce androgens, such
as testosterone
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Hormones of the Ovaries
 Estrogens
 Stimulate the
development of female
secondary sex
characteristics
 Mature female
reproductive organs
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Hormones of the Ovaries
 Progesterone
 Acts with estrogen to regulate the menstrual
cycle and maintain the uterus lining
 Helps with implantation of an embryo in the
uterus
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Hormones of the Testes
 Testosterone:
 Responsible for
adult male
secondary sex
characteristics
 Promotes growth
and maturation of
male reproductive
system
 Required for sperm
cell production
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues & Organs
 Parts of the stomach and small intestine
 Kidneys
 Heart
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Placenta Hormones
 Placenta – organ temporarily in the uterus of a
pregnant woman
 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
 Stimulates ovaries to keep producing
estrogen and progesterone
 Keeps the uterus lining from shedding
 Home pregnancy kit tests presence in urine
 Human placental lactogen (hPL) – lactation prep
 Relaxin – causes pelvic ligaments to relax and
become more flexible for birth
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Table 9.2 (1 of 2)
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues & Organs
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Table 9.2 (2 of 2)
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues & Organs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lesson 4
 Developmental Aspects
 Review
The Major Endocrine Organs Worksheet (pg 160)
parathyroids
pineal
posterior pituitary
placenta
anterior pituitary
thyroid
adrenal cortex
adrenal
medulla
thymus
pancreas
ovary
testes
Hormones & Their Glands Worksheet (pg 161)
C
B
F
F
G
I, L
C
H
H
C
A
B
I, L
C
K
C
J
E
D
D
C
Hormones & Their Functions Worksheet (pg 161)
thyroxine
thymosin
PTH
Cortisol
(glucocorticoids)
Epinephrine
Insulin
FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH
#7-10 in any order
Hormones & Their Functions Worksheet (pg 161)
glucagon
ADH /
vasopressin
FSH
estrogen
aldosterone
prolactin
LH
progesterone
Homeostatic Imbalances Worksheet (pg 162)
Hormone Deficiencies
estrogen / testosterone
Parathormone (PTH)
Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
thyroxine
thyroxine
insulin
Growth hormone
Estrogen / progesterone
thyroxine
Homeostatic Imbalances Worksheet (pg 162)
Hormone Overproductions
Growth hormone
thyroxine
Parathormone (PTH)
Glucocorticoids
Growth hormone
Androgens
(testosterone)
Homeostatic Imbalances Worksheet (pg 162)
Diabetes Mellitus
Excessive urination to flush out excess
glucose and keytones
Excessive thirst resulting from large
volumes of urine excreted (water loss)
Hunger due to inability to use sugars as
body fuel
Developmental Aspects
of the Endocrine System
 Fetal development of endocrine glands varies
 Many develop from outpocketings of mucosa of
digestive tract (ex. Thyroid, thymus, pancreas)
 Late middle age brings on menopause in women
 Reproductive organs atrophy and
childbearing ability ends
 Problems associated with lower estrogen
 Osteoporosis in bones, decreased skin
elasticity, hot flashes, mood changes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Developmental Aspects
of the Endocrine System
 Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until
old age
 Growth hormone production by the anterior
pituitary declines with age, partially
explaining muscle atrophy in the elderly
 Changes in defensive hormones leave
elderly less resistant to infection
 Exposure to pesticides, chemicals, soil and
water pollutants can diminish endocrine
function
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 9.1 (1 of 4)
Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 9.1 (2 of 4)
Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 9.1 (3 of 4)
Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 9.1 (4 of 4)
Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Review – Incredible Journey
Visualization Exercise Worksheet (pg 165)
insulin
pancreas
posterior pituitary
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
parathyroid
calcium
adrenal medulla
epinephrine
thyroxine
Endocrine Review – At the Clinic Worksheet (pg 166)
-
-
Growth hormone (GH) produced by the anterior
pituitary should be checked for Dwarfism
Thyroxine produced by the thyroid should be checked
for Cretinism
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) may be caused
by an iodine deficiency which can be treated with
dietary suppliments
Endocrine Review – At the Clinic Worksheet (pg 166)
“Fat man” – hyposecretion of thyroid hormones resulting
in slow metabolism & obesity (myxedema)
“Dwarf” – hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH)
resulting in small stature but normal body proportions
“Giant” – hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) by the
anterior pituitary gland resulting in excessive height
“Bearded lady” – tumor on adrenal cortex (androgensecreting area) leading to excessive testosterone
production causing hairiness (hirsutism)
Endocrine Review – At the Clinic Worksheet (pg 166)
Prolactin is being hypersecreted by the anterior pituitary
Lesson 5
 Quiz
 Begin HW (LE review of
Cardiovascular system)