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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Endocrine system helps to
regulation and coordination of body
activities .
• The endocrine system and nervous
system work together.
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GLANDS
• Glands are organs specialized for
secretion of substances needed by the
organisms.
• Some glands secrete their secretions
into some organs by ducts that called
EXOCRINE GLANDS.
• Other glands release their secretion
directly into the bloodstream that
called ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
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HORMONES
• The secretion of endocrine glands is
called hormone.
• Hormone is a type of chemical
substance which carry information
from a part of body to another.
• Hormones are somtimes called
“Chemical messengers”.
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• Each type of hormone effects only
some specific tissues which are
called “target tissue”.
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The processes in the body that are
regulated by hormones include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Overall metabolism
Maintenance of homeostasis
Growth
Reproduction
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Types of hormones
1.Protein-Type Hormones consist of
chain of amino acids or related
compounds.
2.Steroid Hormones are lipid like,
carbon ring compounds that are
chemically similar to cholesterol and
bile.
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• The rate of hormone secretion varies
with the needs of the body.
• The signals or messages that cause a
gland to speed up, slow down or stop.
• The mechanism the alters the activity
of a gland is usually an example of
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.
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• Negative feedback has the effect of
returning a condition toward its normal
value.
• If the condition decreases below its
normal level, negative feedback acts to
increase it.
• If the condition rises above normal,
negative feedback acts to decrease it.
• The secretion of a hormone is controlled
by the concentration of another
substance in the blood, often another
hormone.
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ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN
HUMAN
The endocrine system consists of
• HYPOTHALAMUS
• PITUITARY GLAND
• PINEAL GLAND
• PARATHYROID GLAND
• PANCREAS
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• OVARIES
• TESTES
• THYMUS
• EPIPHYSIS
• ADRENAL
• INTESTINAL
• GASTRIC GLANDS
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HYPOTHALAMUS
It controls the pituitary gland and
secretes hormones simultaneously.
Its functions include;
•The regulation of body heat an
blood pressure
•The regulation of water in the
blood and formation of a regular
sleeping pattern.
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HORMONES OF HYPOTHALAMUS
• Growth Hormone Releasing
Hormone(GRH or GH)
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Releasing Hormone (CRH or
ACTH)
• Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH
or TSH)
• Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone
GnRH (LH – FSH – LTH – RH)
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PITUITARY GLAND
1.Tropic Hormones
2.Growth Hormone
3.MSH (Melanin Stimulating Hormone)
4.ADH (Antiduretic Hormone)
5.Oxytocin
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Figure 18.6a, b
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TROPIC HORMONES
•Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH): It activates secretion of
hormone thyroxine from Thyroid
Gland
2. Adrenocorticotropih Hormone
(ACTH): It stimulates the adrenal
glands directly and causes secretion
of the hormones from these regions.
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3. Gonadotropic Hormones (LH,
FSH, GTH): These hormones
stimulate glands in the organs of
the reproductive system.
4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH): Growth and maturation of
the egg in the folicle is controlled
by this hormone.
In the testes, it stimulates the
production of sperm.
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GROWTH HORMONE
• A deficiency in this hormone will
result in a condition known as
DWARFISM.
• An excess amount of this hormone
causes an abnormal increase in the
length. This condition is known as
GIGANTISM.
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•MSH (Melanin Stimulating
Hormone) It stimulates production
of melanocytes
•MSH determines the color of the
skin.
•ADH(Vasopressin):
Its main function is to regulate the
water balance of the body by
controlling reabsorption of water in
the kidneys.
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• OXYTOCIN:
This hormone stimulates the
smooth muscle fibers of the uterus
to contract during labor.
• It causes contraction of the channel
cells of the mammary glands so that
milk can be secreted.
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3. THYROID GLAND
• Thyroxine is a hormone with a high
iodine and peptide content.
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•Parathormone is produced in this
gland.
•It regulates the amount of calcium
and phosphate in the blood.
++
•The amount of Ca is necessary for
the normal functioning of muscles,
heart, skeleton and nerves .
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5. PANCREAS
• The pancreas contains both
endocrine and exocrine glands are
known as paracrine glands.
• Insulin and glucagon are produced
by pancreas.
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PANCREAS
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• Insulin regulates concentration of
glucose in blood. Glucose is passed
to liver from blood by means of
insulin.
• A lack of insulin is known as
diabetes mellitus.
• Glucose is passed to blood from
liver by means of glucagon.
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•The human body has two adrenal glands on
top of the kidneys. It produce these hormones
•Aldosterone
•Testosterone
•Epinephrine
•Norepinephrine
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ADRENAL GLAND
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ALDOSTERONE:
It effects the reabsorption of Na+
from the kidneys.
TESTESTERONE:
It is secreted by the testes and only a
small amount is secreted by the
adrenal cortex.
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EPINEPHRINE:
It accelerates the rate of heartbeat
and causes an increase in glucose
concentration and coagulation rate
in the blood.
NOREPINEPHRINE:
It reduce the rate of heartbeat and
decrease glucose concentration in
the blood.
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7. GONADS
• The main function of the male and
female gonads is in the development
of the reproductive system.
• They also function as endocrine
glands. LH and FSH hormones
stimulate hormone secretion from the
ovaries and testes.
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Estrogen: Estrogen is secreted by
ovary. Its action results in
thickening of the uterine lining due
to an increase in mitotic division.
It also effects female secondary
sexual characteristics
Progesterone:
It is secreted by ovary. It effects the
development of the mammary glands.
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TESTES
• Testosterone functions with LH and
FSH to stimulate the production of
sperm.
• It is involved in growth and
maintenance of male sex organs and
sexual behavior.
• Testosterone also effect male
secondary sexual characteristics.
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• The thymus is a lymhoid organ.
• It involves in the immune system
during prenatal and postnotol periods
by stimulating lyphocyte production
by its hormones.
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9. PINEAL GLAND
• The pineal gland is a pea-sized gland
located in the brain, which secretes the
hormone melatonin.
• Therefore, the pineal gland is thought
to be involved in establishing daily
biorhythms.
• The pineal gland may also play a role
in mood disorders such as seasonal
affective disorder (SAD) syndrome.
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