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B1b 6 Variation
6.3 Cloning
Learning objectives


What is a clone, and why and how are they
created?
What are the risks of cloning?
Attack of the Clones



The creation of a
genetically identical
copy of an existing or
previously existing
organism
Produced asexually
Naturally done by many
plants
Cloning Plants

Gardeners have been at it for 100s of years



Spiders plants – produce rooting side branch
(stolon) – becomes independent
Take a cutting – stem or leaf




Ensure that plant has qualities you desire
Keep in the correct environment (damp)
Roots are produced
Clone
Commercial technique
Cloning tissue

Tissue culture – produces 1000’s
of plants from one cutting





Much more expensive
Small group of cells chemically
treated with hormones
Cells reproduce
Grow into a new plant
Guarantees characteristics

Why is a cutting the same as it’s parent plant?
Hello Dolly




Dolly the Sheep
Created/born 1996
From a mammary gland
cell
Since then
Monkeys
 Cats
 Bulls
 Horses

Cloning animals – why?
Cloning Animals – how?

Embryo transplants
A developing embryo is “split” before the cells specialise and
the identical embryos are implanted into host mothers.
Cloning animals –
how?

1.
2.
Fusion cell cloning
Take egg from one
organism
Remove nucleus

3.
4.
5.
Genetic info
Replace DNA
Start cell division
Implant into ‘mother’
Pros and cons

Bring back extinct/endangered animals


Clone animals which produce useful proteins


Medically useful
Reduces variety in a population



Pets or prize animals
If one does have useful mutation, none will
If one has bad mutation, all will
Cloning humans – who would you clone?

How might fusion/adult cell cloning be useful?
Learning outcomes


Genetically identical offspring produced
asexually are clones
Easy in plants
Cuttings
 Tissue culture


Cloning animals
Embryo transplant
 Fusion cloning

Selective breeding
I raise cows. Each type of
cow is good at a certain job.
The Friesian cow produces
large quantities of milk, the
Jersey cow produces very
nice milk and the Hereford
cow produces lot of beef.
Friesian
Jersey
If, for example, I want lots of
milk I would only breed
Friesian cows with each other
– this is SELECTIVE
BREEDING.
Hereford
Selective breeding vs. Cloning
Advantages
Cloning
Selective breeding
Disadvantages