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- Classification is the grouping of things
according to their similar characteristics
- People classify things to give order to the
world and help them to survive, to help
understand things better
- Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals
with classifying things
- Binomial Nomenclature is a naming system
that gives each organism two names - a
genus name and species name
Examples of scientific names
Organism
Genus
species
Wolf
Canus
lupus
Honey Bee
Apis
mellifera
Humans
Homo
sapiens
Living things are classified into 7
major groups
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Largest groupings
Smallest groupings
**King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
- Kingdoms are the largest and most general
groups in classification
- Species is the smallest and most specific
group
There are 5 Kingdoms
1. Monerans (monera) – also called BACTERIA
2. Protists (protista)
3. Fungi
4. Plants
5. Animals
Moneran Kingdom
- Monerans are tiny, single celled, do not have a
nucleus and can be called bacteria
- Two types of monerans include bacteria and
blue-green algae
- Bacteria come in 3 shapes; rod shaped, round
and spiral
- Monerans have a cell wall; a tough, rigid outer
covering that supports and protects. A cell
membrane; controls what enters and leaves the
cell. Hereditary material; in cytoplasm - not in
a nucleus like other cells
- Bacteria cannot move on their own. They are
carried by air, water, clothing , or other objects.
Some may also have a flagellum (tail)
=================================
 They can be harmful
- Can spoil food
- Poison water supplies - caused by pollution
- Damage property - breakdown leather, asphalt
- Cause disease - strep, pneumonia, tetanus, Lyme
disease, Bubonic plague
-
Bacteria can also be helpful
- They decompose dead organisms and return
simpler substances to the environment to be
used by other organisms
- They produce oxygen; change environments
- Help produce foods- cheese, yogurt, pickles
- Breakdown garbage into methane gas petroleum
- Clean up the environment - decompose
garbage, breakdown oil and plastic
- Make vitamins and help animals digest
- Produce antibiotics that kill other bacteria
- Used in industry
The Protist Kingdom
- Protists are similar to monerans because
the are unicellular; one of the first
organisms on earth; microscopic
- They are different than monerans because
protists have a nucleus and other cell
structures
Where and how do protists
live?
Where?
- Most live in a watery environmentsalty and fresh
- Some live in moist soil
- Some live in larger organisms and are
called parasites - organisms that live
on or in a host cell and harm it
How?
- They live in individual cells
- Some live in colonies (groups of cells)
Animal-like Protists Protozoa
- They contain a nucleus and have no cell wall
- They are heterotrophs (cannot make their
own food)
- They can move
4 Types of Protists
1. Sarcodine
- Animal-like protist that move by extensions of
the cell membrane and cytoplasm called
pseudopods EX: ameba
2. Ciliate
- Protist that moves by hairlike extensions called
cilia that are on the outside of cells EX:
paramecium
3. Flagellate
- Protist that moves by flagellum - a long
whiplike structure that propels a cell through its
environment
4. Sporozoan
- parasites that feed on the cells and body fluids
of their host animals EX: malaria
Plant-Like Protists Algae
- They are unicellular
- They are autotrophs - use
light energy to make their
own food
- They are a vital part of the
world because many other
organisms rely on them
for food
3 Types of Algae
1. Euglena
- plantlike protist that contain chloroplasts,
flagella and a reddish eyespot
2. Diatoms
- most numerous protist made of glassy
material
3. Dinoflagellates
- plant like protist that have cell walls that
look like plates of armour and also have 2
flagella to propel them through water
Fungus Like Protists
- They are protists that are heterotrophs,
have cell walls and at different stages of
their life, have characteristics similar to
protists like flagella and looking like
amebas
- A slime mold is a fungus-like protist
that is moist, flat, shapeless blob that live
in dead trees, fallen leaves and compost
heaps
Fungus Kingdom
How do fungi feed?
- Fungi feed by growing on their food.
- They release chemicals that digest the food
that they are growing on.
- They then absorb the digested food.
What are hyphae?
- Hyphae (hi-fee) are threadlike tubes that
make up multi-cellular fungi.
- They branch out and weave together to
produce many shapes of fungi.
- They can grow quickly.
Fungus Kingdom
How do most fungi reproduce?
- Fungi reproduce by spores (a form of asexual
reproduction).
- Spores are tiny reproductive cells that are
enclosed in a protective case.
- They are carried by wind and if they land in a
place that is ideal they are able to sprout.
- Fungi produce spores in fruiting bodies.
EX: a puff ball can produce trillions of spores
FUNGI

Hypahe and spores
Fruiting body (Puffball)
3 Forms of Fungi:
1. Mushrooms
- Fungi shaped like umbrellas with a stem-like
structure called a stalk and a cap on top
- Spores are produced on the underside of the cap
3 Parts of a mushroom are…
1. Stalk - stem-like structure
2. Cap - on top of the stalk. Spores are
produced here
3. Gills - thin sheets of tissue that go from
stalk to cap. The spores are
stored
here
2. Yeast
- Single celled fungi used in bread
making
- Reproduce by budding
3. Molds
- Fuzzy, shapeless, fairly flat fungi that
grow on the surface of an object
EX: Penicillin
Diseases caused by fungi
Dutch Elm Disease and Chestnut Blight
both kill trees
Toxin producing fungus- produces cancercausing substances that could injure or
kill humans
Ergot - spiky poisonous growths on rye
grain. It causes burning, prickling
sensations, hallucinations and
convulsions
Athlete’s Foot and Ringworm both cause
itchy, raw, red patches on the skin
What is a Lichen?
- A lichen is a fungus and an alga that live
together.
- When they are together they can live in
places that neither could survive in alone
What do the fungus and alga
do for each other?
- The fungus part provides the alga with
water and minerals that the fungus
absorbs from whatever it is growing
on
- The alga part uses the minerals and
water to make food for the fungus
and itself
Plant Kingdom
- Multicellular algae lack transport tubes that
other plants have. They do not contain
roots, stems or leaves or produce seeds.
They do contain pigments (colored
chemicals) and live in or near a source of
water
- The 3 Phyla of algae are red, brown and
green
Needs of Land Plants:
1. Need to support the leaves and other parts
of the body so that they do not collapse
2. Need to obtain water and minerals
3. Need to transport food , water, minerals,
and other materials from one part of the body
to another
4. Need to get sperm cells and egg cells
together so that reproduction can occur
Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts
- These are tiny plants that live in moist places
They do not have a lot of adaptations because:
1. They are small and live in places where
water is plentiful
2. They do not need stems to support
them
3. They do not need a special transport
system
4. They do not need an adaptation to
prevent water loss because they live in
watery places
What is a fern?
- A vascular plant. They have tiny tubes that
transport water, food, and materials
throughout its body. They also have leaves
with a waxy covering to prevent water loss
- Ferns adapt by having thick, strong cell walls
for strong stems (they can grow taller) They
also have roots that anchor them to the
ground and absorb water and minerals for
the plant
- Ferns reproduce by having their sperm cells
swim to the egg cells in standing water
Seed Plant Structure
- Xylem is a vascular tissue that carries
water and minerals from the roots to the
rest of the plant
- Phloem carries food throughout the plant
- Roots anchor the plant to the ground and
absorb water and minerals from the soil
- Stems provide the means by which water,
minerals and food are transported
between the roots and leaves of the
plant. The stem also holds the plant up
to get sunlight
- Leaves make food for the plant by
photosynthesis (use light to make
food)
- The purpose of the flower is to help
the plant reproduce. The flower
contains sperm and egg cells
- An angiosperm is a plant where ovules
and seeds are contained in an ovary
- A gymnosperm is a plant whose
ovules and seeds are not surrounded
by an ovary
The Animal Kingdom
- An animal is a multi-cellular
heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls
- A vertebrate is an animal that has a
backbone or vertebral column
- An invertebrate is an animal that does
not have a back bone. This
constitutes 95% of all animal species
Phylum Proifera
A sponge is the smallest group of
invertebrates. They grow attached to one
spot and contain many pores.
How do they feed?
- Water carries food and oxygen as it moves
though the pores of the sponge. The
sponge’s cells remove food and oxygen from
the water and release waste products in the
water
- A spicule is a tiny spiny structures that form
the skeleton of many sponges. It is made of
a glassy material
-
Phylum Cnidaria
- Organisms include hydra, jellyfish, corals, sea
anemones
- A polyp is a type of cnidaria that stays in one
place. (shaped like a vase)
- A medusa is a cnidaria that can move from place
to place (shaped like a bowl)
Basic Characteristics
1. Hollow body cavity with only one opening called
the mouth
2. They have nematocysts or stinging
cells to stun or kill prey
3. They have special tissues
4. They reproduce sexually or asexually
hydra
jellyfish
coral
sea anemone
Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Flatworms are flat bodied worms. They can
regenerate lost body parts and some are parasite
EX: Planaria
- A tapeworm is another example
Phylum Nematoda
- A roundworm can live on land or in water
- Some are parasites and live in animals
- These worms have tube-like digestive systems
(mouth and anus)
Ex: Trichinella and hookworms
Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms are worms with
segmented bodies
 They live in oceans, lakes, streams and
soil
 They have specialized cells, a circulatory
system and a nervous system
 EX: Earthworm, sandworm
Phylum Mollusca
A mollusk Is a soft bodied animal that
have inner or outer shells
Characteristics
1. Foot - thick muscle used to open and
close their shell or for movement
2. Head - contains mouth and sense
organs (eyes)
3. Mantle- produces material that makes
up the hard shell

-
Gastropods are mollusks that have a single shell
or no shell at all. They live in fresh or salt water
and on land
EX: Snail, slug, sea butterflies
- A bivalve is a two-shell mollusk. The two
shells are held together by a powerful
muscle. They are filter feeders - filter food
out of their body.
EX: clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
- A cephalopod is a mollusk with tentacles.
They do not have an outer shell but have one
within some part of their body. They are very
quick; some produce ink when they are
frightened
Ex: octopuses, squids, nautiluses
Phylum Arthropoda
Characteristics
1. Live in air, on land, or in water
2. Exoskeleton - skeleton on the
outside of the body
3. Segmented body
4. Jointed appendages
 Crustaceans are an arthropod with a
hard exoskeleton, 2 pairs of antennae
and mouth parts for crushing food.
Most live in water some live on land
EX: Crabs ,lobster, shrimp, barnacles

Centipedes are arthropods with many legs. They
have one pair of legs in each segment
 A millipede is an arthropod with many legs.
They have two pairs of legs in each segment
 An arachnid has 2 body parts - a head/chest and
an abdomen part. They have 8 legs (4 pairs)
Ex: spider, scorpion, tick, mites
 The insects are the most numerous arthropods.
Their bodies are divided into 3 parts- a head, a
chest, and an abdomen. They have 6 legs
attached to the chest
Ex: grasshoppers, ants, flies
Phylum Echinodermata
Characteristics
1. They have spiny skin
2. They have an internal skeleton and 5
body parts
3. A water vascular system
4. Tube feet
EX: Starfish, sea lilies, sea urchins, sand
dollar
Phylum Chordata
A vertebrate is an animal with a
backbone. A vertebral column is
used to protect the spinal cord which
runs through the center of the
backbone
 An endotherm is a warm-blooded
animal. They are able to maintain
their body temperatures internally
(endo=inside)
 An ectotherm is a cold-blooded
animal. They rely on the
environment for heat

Cold Blooded Animals
Fish are water dwelling vertebrates that
are characterized by scales, fins and
throats with slits. ***Although some do
not have all of these characteristics****
 A jaw-less fish is a fish with no jaw or
scales - they are the most primitive fish.
They do have paired fins and an entire
skeleton made of cartilage. EX:
lamprey, hagfishes

= hagfish
A cartilaginous fish has a skeleton make
entirely of cartilage. Most have tooth-like
scales covering the body. Body shape
most represents a torpedo.
EX: Shark, skates, rays


A bony fish has a skeleton made of bones.
These fish have a swim bladder- gas filled
sac that helps the fish to float (buoyancy).
EX: eels, remora, tuna, flounder
What is an amphibian?





Vertebrates that are fishlike and breath
through gills when immature
They live on land, breathe through lungs
and have moist skin when adults
No scales or claws
Most live in the water for the first part of
their life and then on land for the second
part of their life
EX: Frogs, newts, toads, salamanders
What are reptiles?
Vertebrates with lungs, scaly skin, and
special egg types
 Their scaly skin is very hard, waterproof
and prevents the reptile from drying out
EX: lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators,
crocodiles

Warm-Blooded Animals
Birds are warm-blooded, egg laying
vertebrates that have feathers.
 The feathers are made of dead cells.
They are used to insulate, fly and attract
mates
Ex: birds of prey, perching birds,
waterfowl, flightless birds

What are Mammals?

Mammals are warm blooded vertebrates that
have hair or fur and that feed their young with
milk produced in mammary glands
 Egg laying Mammals are mammals that lay
eggs. This is primitive. Also called
monotrenes EX: duckbilled platypus, spiny
anteaters
 Pouched mammals give birth to young that
are not well developed. The young spend
time in a pouch in the mother’s body. They
are called marsupials Ex: Kangaroo,
opossums
 Placental Mammals’ young develop more fully
within the female. EX: elephant, giraffe,
hippopotamus, gorilla
What is a Virus?
A virus is a tiny particle that can invade living
cells. They contain hereditary material
Is a virus a living cell?
NO!!! They do not carry out all the life
functions and cannot reproduce on their own
What can’t a virus do?
Perform life processes or reproduce on their
own
What can a virus do?
Can reproduce inside cells and cause disease
Parts of a virus
- The hereditary material takes control
of the cells activities
- The protein coat protects the virus
Viral Replication
- Bacteriophage attaches to host cell and
inject its hereditary material into the cell
- The virus’ hereditary material takes control
over the cell causing it to make
bacteriophage parts
- Bacteriophage parts assemble (come together)
into complete virus’
- Host cell bursts and releases newly produced
virus
Virus Life Cycle Summary
- First a virus gets its hereditary
material into the host cell. Then the
host cell makes more virus particles.
Finally the virus particles leave the
original host cell and it infects new
hosts
- The host cell is KILLED