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The Cell as a Factory 7.3 Basic Cell Structures & What They Do Drill December 4, 2008 The CEO of a large corporation has hired you to manage one of the company factories. Decide what things must be included in this factory in order for it to efficiently operate and manufacture a product. Rolf Eckrodt – President and CEO of Mitsubishi Motors Work with a partner to make a list of items in your notebook of things that you would include. Objectives: At the conclusion of this three day lesson you will be able to: Explain why a cell is like a tiny factory. List, label, and describe the functions of the parts of a typical eukaryotic animal cell. Explain how a cell conducts all the processes of living things, just on a smaller scale. A Virtual Factory Tour First, your factory needs a building. What kind of building should you have? Will all factory buildings be the same? What features should your building have? •Windows? •Doors? •Loading dock? •Security? Copyright 2002 JTC Corporation This Building Needs Structure Your factory has supports and internal framework that gives the building shape. Kam Kiu factory photos Controlling the Factory Next, you need a control center to organize what happens at your factory. Where should the control center be located? What things might be inside the control center? Asia Pulp & Paper Co. Ltd. Control Room Copyright 2004 SPG Media Limited a subsidiary of SPG Media Group PLC What Are You Going to Make? Your factory makes a product. In order to know how to make this product a set of blueprints are used. Why do you need to use blueprints? What kind of information can be found in blueprints? Blueprint rolls ©Copyright 1996 City of Simi Valley. ISS Hidalgo blueprints Copyright ©1977-2004 Far Future Enterprises. You Need POWER! Every factory needs a power plant that generates the energy needed to run the machinery. Where might a factory get power? Why is it helpful for each factory to have its own power plant nearby? What Are You Working With? Every product is made from raw materials. Manufacturing Your Product Workers operate machines that assemble your product. © Elkhorn Everbrite Corporation Why would a factory need many machines and workers? Does each machine make the entire product or just a small part? Putting the Pieces Together National Automobile Dealers Association Factories have assembly lines where machines or workers put together the parts of a product. Some assembly lines transport products. Some package products. © Elkhorn Everbrite Corporation Getting The Product Right Before they can be shipped, products must be sorted modified, packaged, and distributed properly. Why are these jobs important to our factory? What might happen if these jobs were done incorrectly? packaging machine - © 1999-2004 Packexpo.com All rights reserved. Boxes © Chriscott Supply Co. Warehouse © WSL Corporation Packing Products must be packed in a box or container before they are shipped. Shipping Products must be shipped from your factory to their destination. Where might your products be shipped? How might your products be shipped? Waste Disposal Excess materials or damaged products must be discarded into the waste disposal. © Tom Mathews What would happen if waste materials were allowed to build up and sit around the factory? What You Need To Run A Factory building supports/ internal framework control center blueprints power plant raw materials machines/ workers assembly line packing centers packing/ boxes trucks/ shipping vehicles waste disposal HOMEWORK Draw a floorplan/ layout of your factory. Include all of the essential items discussed today in class from the list “What You Need To Run A Factory.” Be creative, but accurate. Use the entire 8 ½ x 11” piece of paper. Guidelines are in your homework packet. Drill December 9, 2008 Take out the floor plan of your factory. Compare it with another student. Make sure that you have included all items from the list at the right. building supports/ internal framework control center blueprints power plant raw materials machines/ workers assembly line packing centers packing/ boxes trucks/ shipping vehicles waste disposal A Typical Animal Cell Plasma Membrane “Building” It is a thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell’s contents from its environment. Allows nutrients to enter and wastes and other materials to leave the cell No. You’re a virus! All cells have one. Hey! Let me in! Cytoskeleton “supports & internal framework” A network of protein fibers (microfilaments) and tubes (microtubules) extending throughout the cell. Provides a framework for the cell. Helps transport materials. Anchors the organelles. Functions in cell movement. © Glencoe Biology 2007 Nucleus “control center” © Glencoe Biology 2007 Controls the cell’s actions Contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA). Surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. Has a dense region called the nucleolus where ribosomes are formed. Chromatin “blueprints” Located in the nucleus Composed of nucleic acids (DNA) Condenses into chromosomes during cell division Chromosomes during early cell division – 10,000x Mitochondria “power plant” Change energy stored in food compounds (mostly sugars) into a form useful for the cell. Cytoplasm contains the “raw materials” semi-fluid material inside the plasma membrane composed of water and organic compounds. site of all cellular chemical processes in prokaryotes Ribosomes “machines/ workers” Organelles that manufacture proteins Composed of RNA and protein Not bound by a membrane. Some float free in the cytoplasm while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes operate in chains when translating a mRNA. Copyright © Daniel Kunkel Endoplasmic Reticulum “assembly line” Membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that produces materials for the cell. Two types: © Glencoe Biology 2007 Rough ER – has ribosomes attached; makes proteins Smooth ER – no ribosomes; makes lipids and removes waste materials Golgi Apparatus “packing center” © Glencoe Biology 2007 A series of flat, membrane-bound sacs that sorts, modifies, packages, and distributes molecules into sacs called vesicles. Vesicles “packing/ boxes” A small membrane bound sac that transports materials throughout the cell It can be created by the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes “waste disposal” © Glencoe Biology 2007 Special vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes that can break down large molecules and old organelles. HOMEWORK Obtain a sheet of cell parts and organelles. Decide which cell part performs a similar task as each part of your factory. When you have made your decisions, cut out the cell parts and attach them to your floor plan over the factory part that performs a similar task. When you have finished you will have created a model of a typical eukaryotic animal cell. A comparison of animal, plant, and prokaryotic cells. © Glencoe Biology 2007 Drill December 15, 2006 Answer the following five questions: The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid __________. A phospholipid molecule has a _______ head and a _____________ tail. If you are using a microscope with a 10x objective and a 10x eyepiece, what is the total magnification of this microscope? What are the three parts of the cell theory? ________ was the first person to use the word “cell” to describe the tiny boxes he saw in cork. Drill December 16, 2006 Answer the following questions: What organelle makes proteins? What organelle packages proteins? Proteins in the cell are packaged in small membrane-bound compartments called _________. What organelle breaks down wastes, foreign particles and old organelles? Selective Permeability A membrane allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out. © Glencoe Biology 2007 Structure of the Plasma Membrane Composed of a phospholipid bilayer Arrangement of phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic (polar) heads on the outside hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails on the inside. © Glencoe Biology 2007 Components of the Plasma Membrane Proteins imbedded in membrane. Transmit signals to the inside of the cell. Anchor the membrane to the internal support structure. Transport proteins for tunnels for substances to enter and leave the cell. Cholesterol prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together. Carbohydrates attach to the proteins. Define the cell’s characteristics. Identify chemical signals. Fluid Mosaic Model © Glencoe Biology 2007