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Transcript
Plant Anatomy Quiz 12B Two important characteristics of plant cells • cell walls • plastids Cell Walls • outer boundary, provide support, made mostly of cellulose • Most plants are supported by two related systems: cell walls & turgor pressure. Turgor Pressure water pressure inside a plant cell’s central vacuole; causes the stiffness of the plant cells Plastids storage center in plant cells •Stores pigments, starch or oil. •Examples are chloroplasts Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll which is used in photosynthesis to capture light energy Plant Pigments Chlorophyll: green Xanthophyll: yellowish colors Carotene: yellowish-orange colors Anthocyanin: red, blue, and purple tissue a group of similar cells working together to perform a particular function Our bodies have four basic kinds of tissues • epithelial (skin) • muscle • connective • nerve A typical plant has 3 distinct kinds of tissue • Structural tissue • Meristematic tissue • Vascular tissue Structural Tissue Most of the body, or structure, of the plant is structural tissue. Produce food, store food, cover, support, and protect plant Examples: epidermis, parenchyma, mesophyll, collenchyma, cork, sclerenchyma Meristematic Tissue Found in growing areas (buds, tips of roots and stems) Purpose: the growth and repair of plants and plant parts (where mitosis is occurring) Examples: apical & lateral meristems; vascular cambium, cork cambium, pericycle Vascular Tissue The plant’s sap-conducting tissues Two types: xylem & phloem Xylem: transports water and dissolved minerals (one kind of sap) upward (long, thick-walled cells) Phloem: transports food manufactured in the leaves (the other kind of sap) downward Vascular Tissue Xylem: long, thick-walled hollow cells (like staws) Phloem: slightly thinner than xylem and not completely hollow tubes Vascular Tissue In leaves and in non-woody plants, the xylem and phloem are usually arranged in vascular bundles (veins). Vascular bundles are often supported by thickwalled cells called fibers. Fibrovasular bundles: xylem and phloem surrounded by supporting tissues Vascular Tissue Xylem Phloem Vascular Tissue Vascular Tissue Vascular Tissue Sunflower Stem Vascular Tissue Epidermis The outer most tissue of most leaves, young roots, and young stems is the epidermis. Top and Bottom layer epidermis (one cell thick) lack chlorophyll and serves as protection. Often epidermal cells secrete a waxy substances that form a cuticle (a noncellular protective covering of leaves) give a leaf a shiny appearance Cross Section of a Leaf Cross Section of a Leaf Cross Section of a Leaf Cross Section of a Leaf wood a collection of layers of xylem that have built up over several years The oldest layer of xylem is at the center of the woody plant part newest layer is the outermost layer Kinds of Wood • Heartwood - dead xylem cells that are often darker • Sapwood - xylem that conduct water and minerals Kinds of Wood • Springwood - xylem cells that develop early in the growing season • Summerwood - small, thickwalled xylem cells that develop later in the growing season Kinds of Wood • Hardwood - comes primarily from angiosperms (oaks, maples, walnut, cherries) • Softwood - comes primarily from gymnosperms (firs, pine, cedars, spruce) Heartwood & Sapwood bark the outer covering of woody plant parts(makes new xylem and phloem cells) cork (the outer layer of bark) tough, thick-walled cells forming the outer layer of bark in woody plant stems; made of dead, thick-cell walls cork heartwood Annual growth ring sapwood (xylem) phloem cork vascular cambium forms a tough, water proof coating that keeps harmful organisms out and moisture cork cambium a layer of living cells just under the dead cork (produces new cork cells)