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LESSON 11
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The musculoskeletal system includes the bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons and
joints. Bones provide the foundation around which the body is built and protect
and support internal organs. Bones assist the in movement because they attach to
muscles. The inside of bones is composed of bone marrow, which is used to
manufactures new red blood cells. The other parts of bone are for the storage of
minerals, which are necessary for body processes.
Joints are located where bones meet together. Several different kinds of joints are
found within the body (ball and socket, hinge, etc.). The type of joint found
between bones is determined by the need for flexibility in movement.
Muscles are responsible for movement. Involuntary movement involves the
contraction and relaxation of muscles that are part of internal organs such as the
muscles in blood vessels, the digestive tract, and the urinary system. Voluntary
movement is accomplished by skeletal muscles that are attached to the bones.
Medical doctors who diagnosis and treat bone disorders and diseases are called
orthopedists. Originally, orthopedics was a branch of medicine dealing with
correcting deformities in children (orth/o means straight, ped/o means child).
Rheumatologists are medical doctors who diagnosis and treat joint and
autoimmune diseases. Rheumat/o means waterily flow and relates to joint
diseases because various forms of arthritis result from collection of fluid in the
joints. Podiatrists diagnosis and treat disorders and diseases of the ankle and feet
(pod/o means feet).
Osteopaths practice osteopathy which is a separate study of medicine using
diagnostic and therapeutic measures and based on the belief that the body is
capable of healing itself when bones are in proper position and adequate nutrition
is provided. However, today’s Osteopaths receive basically the same training as
those who go to Medical Schools. Osteopaths go to an Osteopathic Medical
School for training. Chiropractors (chir/o means hand) are neither physicians nor
osteopaths and they use physical means to manipulate the spinal column, believing
that many diseases have their origins by pressure placed upon nervous tissue
resulting from bones that are out of alignment, especially those in the spine.
BONES
Formation
Bones are mostly composed of connective tissue called osseous tissue. Osseous
tissue is a dense tissue consisting of osteocytes (bone cells) surrounded by a hard
calcium layer.
Structure
There are 206 bones of many types in the body. Long bones are found in the leg
and arms. These bones are very strong and have large surface areas for muscle
attachment. Smaller bones are found in the wrists and ankles and have irregular
shapes. Flat bones are found covering soft body parts, shoulder bones, ribs, and
pelvic bones.
The middle region of a long bone is called the diaphysis. Each end of a long bone
is called an epiphysis. The epiphyseal line or plate represents an area of cartilage
tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bony tissue as the bone grows.
Cartilage cells at the edges of the epiphyseal plate form new bone and this is
responsible for the lengthening of bones during childhood and adolescence. The
plate calcifies and disappears when the person has achieved his or her full growth.
The periosteum is the membrane that covers the surface of a long bone, except at
the ends of the epiphysis. Other bones are completely covered by the periosteum.
Under the periosteum is the layer of osteoblasts, which deposits calcium phosphate
in the bony tissue. The ends of long bones are covered by a layer of cartilage
called articular cartilage. This cartilage layer cushions the bones at joints.
Compact bone is a hard tissue that is under the periosteum in all bones except
around the diaphysis of long bones. Within the compact bone is a system of small
canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and
remove waste products such as carbon dioxide. There are channels in the compact
bone. Compact bones have a channel in the shaft of the long bones containing
yellow bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is mostly composed of fat cells.
Cancellous bone, sometimes called spongy bone, is much more porous and less
dense than compact bone. It is found in the epiphyses of long bones and in the
center of most other bones. Spaces in cancellous bone contain red bone marrow.
This red marrow is supplied with blood vessels and consists of immature and
mature blood cells.
In an adult, the ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae and the epiphysis of long
bones contain red bone marrow within cancellous tissue. The red marrow in the
long bones is plentiful in young children but decreases through the years and is
replaced by yellow marrow.
Processes and Depressions in Bones
Bone processes are enlarged tissues that normally extend out from bones to serve
as attachments for muscles and tendons.
Bonehead
neck.
Tubercle
Trochanter
Tuberosity
Condyle
rounded end of a bone separated from the body of the bone by a
small, rounded process on many bones for attachment of tendons or
muscles.
the large process on the femur for attachment of muscles.
large, rounded process on many bones for attachment of muscles and
tendons
rounded, knuckle-like process at the joint.
Bone depressions are the openings or hollow regions in a bone that help to join
one bone to another and serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves. The
names of some common depressions in bone are:
Fossa - shallow cavity in or on a bone.
Foramen - opening for blood vessels and nerves
Fissure - a narrow, keep, slit-like opening
Sulcus - a grove or furrow
Sinus - a hollow cavity within a bone
Cranial Bones
The bones of the skull, or cranium, protect the brain and structures related to it
such as the sense organs. Muscles for controlling head movements and chewing
motions are connected to the cranial bones. The cranial bones join each other as
joints called sutures. The cranial bones of a newborn child are not completely
joined. There are gaps of un-ossified tissue in the skull at birth. These are called
soft spots. Following are the bones of the cranium:
Frontal bone - forms the forehead and bony sockets that contain the eyes.
Parietal bone - there are two parietal bones that form the roof and upper part of the
sides
of the cranium.
Temporal bone - two temporal bones form the lower sides and base of the
cranium.
Each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the
mandible. The temporomandibular joint is the area of connection between
the temporal and mandibular bones. The mastoid process is a round
process of the temporal bone behind the ear. The styloid process projects
downward from the temporal bone.
Occipital bone - forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and
temporal bones forming a suture. The inferior portion of the occipital bone
has an opening called the foramen magnum through which the spinal cord
passes.
Sphenoid bone - this bone extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of
the skull.
Ethmoid bone - this thin, delicate bone is composed primarily of spongy,
cancellous bone. It supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of
the eyes.
Facial Bones
All the facial bones except one are joined together by sutures so that they are
immovable. The mandible is the only facial bone capable of movement. This
ability is necessary for chewing and speaking. The facial bones include:
Nasal bones - two nasal bones support the bridge of the nose. They join
with the frontal bone and form part of the nasal septum.
Lacrimal bones - two lacrimal bones are located at the corner of each eye.
These thin, small bones contain the lacrimal gland and canals for the
passage of the tear duct.
Maxillary bones - two large bones compose the massive upper jaw bones.
They are joined by a suture in the middle. If the two bones do not come
together before birth a cleft palate results.
Mandibular bone - this is the lower jaw bone. Both the maxilla and the
mandible contain the sockets in which the teeth are embedded. The
mandible joins the skull at the region of the temporal bone forming the
temporomandibular joint.
Zygomatic bones - two bones, one on each side of the face, form the high
portion of the cheek.
Vomer- this thin, single, flat bone forms the lower portion of the nasal
septum.
Sinuses, or air cavities, are located in specific places within the cranial and facial
bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten air as it passes through.
Vertebrae Column and Structure of Vertebrae
The vertebral, or spinal, column is composed of 26 bone segments called vertebrae
that are arranged in five divisions from the base of the skull to the tail bone. The
first 7 bones of the vertebral column, forming the neck bone, are the cervical
vertebrae. These vertebrae do not connect with the ribs.
The second set of 12 vertebrae are known as the thoracic vertebrae. These
vertebrae articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs. The third set of 5 vertebral bones are
the lumbar vertebrae. They are the strongest and largest of the back bones.
The sacrum is a slightly curved, triangularly shaped bone. At birth it is composed
of 5 separate bones; these gradually become fused in the young child.
The coccyx is the tail bone It is formed by the fusion of the 4 small coccygeal
bones.
Bones of the Thorax
Clavicle - collar bone; a slender bone, one on each side of the body
connecting the breastbone to each shoulder bone.
Scapula - shoulder blades are two triangular bones one on each back side of
the chest. The portion of the scapula that joins with the clavicle to the
shoulder is called the acromion.
Sternum - the breastbone is a flat bone in the midline of the chest. The
uppermost part of the sternum joins on the sides with the clavicle and ribs,
and the lower portion is attached to the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
The bottom of the sternum is called the xiphoid process.
Ribs - there are 12 pairs of ribs. The first 7 pairs join the sternum by
attachments called costal cartilages. Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs. Ribs 810 are called false ribs. Ribs 11 and 12 are the floating ribs because they
are completely free at their front end.
Bones of the Arm and Hand
The following bones are described as if the patient is in the anatomical position palms forward.
Humerus - upper arm bone; the large head of the humerus is founded and
joins with the scapula and clavicle.
Ulna - medial lower arm bone; the proximal bony process of the ulna is
called the elbow.
Radius - lateral lower arm bone.
Carpals - wrist bones.
Metacarpals - these are 5 bones of the hand
Phalanges - finger bones.
Bones of the Pelvis
The pelvic girdle - the hip bone - is a large bone that supports the trunk of
the body and joins with the thigh bone and sacrum. The adult pelvic bone
is composed of 3 pairs of fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
The ilium is the uppermost and largest portion. Dorsally the two parts of
the ilium do not meet. Rather, they join the sacrum on either side. The
connection between the iliac bones and the sacrum is so firm that they are
commonly spoken of as the sacroiliac. The superior part of the ilium is
known as the iliac crest.
The ischium is the posterior part of the pelvis.
muscles attached to it form the buttocks.
The ischium and the
The pubis is the anterior part and contains suture marks where the two
pubes are joined by the way of a cartilaginous disk. This area of fusion is
called the pubic symphysis.
The region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle is called the pelvic cavity. Th
Bones of the Leg and Foot
Femur - the thigh bones are the longest bones in the body. At its proximal
end it has a rounded heat that fits into a socket, called the acetabulum.
Patella - the kneecap; this is a small, flat bone that lies in front of the joint
between the femur and the tibia. It is surrounded by tendons and held in
place with muscle attachments.
Tibia - the larger of 2 bones of the lower leg; the tibia runs below the skin
in the front part of the leg.
Fibula - the smaller of 2 lower leg bones; this bone lies under the leg
muscles.
Tarsals - the ankle bones are 7 short bones that resemble the carpal bones of
the wrist but are larger. The calcaneus is the largest of these bones and is
called the heel bone.
Metatarsals - there are 5 metatarsal bones in the foot - each attaches to the
phalanges of the toes.
Phalanges - the toes; there are 2 phalanges in the big toe and 3 in each of
the other four toes.
MUSCLES
Types of Muscles. There are three types of muscles in the body:
Striated muscles, also called voluntary or skeletal muscles, are the muscle
fibers that move all bones as well as the face and eyes. Through the central
and peripheral nervous system, we have control over these muscles.
Smooth muscles, also called involuntary, are those muscle fibers that move
internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and secretory
ducts leading from glands. These muscles are controlled by the autonomic
nervous system.
Cardiac muscle is striated in appearance but smooth-like in its action. Its
movement cannot be consciously controlled. The fibers of cardiac muscle
are branching fibers and are found in the heart.
Skeletal Muscle Function
Skeletal muscles are the muscles that move bones. When a muscle contracts, one
of the bones to which it is joined remains stationary as a result of other muscles
that hold it in place. The point of attachment of the muscles to the stationary bone
is called the origin of that muscle. However, when the muscle contracts, another
bone to which it is attached moves. The point of junction of the muscle to the
bone that moves is called the insertion of the muscle. One origin of the biceps is
at the scapula and its insertion is at the radius. Tendons are the bands of
connective tissue that connect muscles to the bones and muscle to muscle.
Ligaments are bands of connective tissue that hold bone to bone.
Muscles can perform a variety of functions. Some of the terms used to describe
those actions are listed below with a short description of the specific type of
movement performed.
Function
Meaning
flexion
extension
limb
abduction
rotation
dorsal flexion
Decreasing the angle between two bones, bending a limb
Increasing the angle between two bones; straightening out a
plantar flexion
ground as
supination
pronation
Movement away from the midline of the body
Circular movement around an axis
Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot bends
backward
The motion that extends the foot downward toward the
when pointing the toes. Plant/o means sole of the foot.
As applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm forward
As applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm backward
LESSON 11 GRAPHICS
TERMS FOR LESSON 11
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Bone Anatomy Words to Know
periosteum
compact bone
cancellous bone
endosteum
diaphysis
epiphysis
epiphyseal plate
bone marrow
Skeletal Bones to Know
maxilla
mandible
vertebral column
cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
lamina
clavicle
scapula
acromion
sternum
humerus
ulna
radius
carpal
metacarpal
phalanges
pelvic bone
ischium
ilium
pubis
acetabulum
femur
tibia
fibula
patella
tarsal
calcaneus
metatarsal
Joints terms to Know
articular cartilage
meniscus
intervertebral disc
symphysis pubis
synovia
bursa
ligament
tendon
aponeurosis
Word Roots to Know: Musculoskeletal
carp/o
clavic/o
clavicul/o
cost/o
crani/o
femor/o
fibul/o
humer/o
ili/o
ischi/o
mandibul/o
maxill/o
patell/o
phalang/o
pub/o
radi/o
scapul/o
stern/o
tars/o
tibi/o
uln/o
vertebr/o
rachi/o
spondyl/o
aponeur/o
arthr/o
burs/o
chondr/o
menisc/o
ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o
ankyl/o
blast/o
kinesi/o
kyph/o
lamin/o
myel/o
myelon/o
my/o
oste/o
petr/o
scoli/o
Prefixes to Know: Musculoskeletal
intersuprasynsymSuffixes to Know: Musculoskeletal
-asthenia
-clasis
-clast
-desis
-physis
-schisis
Diagnostic Terms to Know: Musculoskeletal:
ankylosis
arthritis
arthrochondritis
bursitis
bursolith
crapoptosis
cranioschiasis
kyphosis
maxillitis
meniscitis
mysasthenia
myeloma
osteitis
osteocarcinoma
osteochrondritis
osteofibroma
osteomalicia
osteomyelitis
osteopetrosis
rachischisis
scoliosis
spondylarthritis
tendinitis
tenodynia
ankylosing spondylitis
bunion
exostosis
fracture
gout
herniated disc
muscular dystrophy
myasthenia gravis
Surgical Terms to Know: Musculoskeletal:
aponeurorrhaphy
arthroclasia
arthrodesis
arthroplasty
arthrotomy
bursectomy
bursotomy
carpectomy
chondrectomy
chondroplasty
costectomy
cranioplasty
craniotomy
laminectomy
maxillectomy
meniscectomy
myoplasty
myorrhaphy
osteoctomy
osteoclasis
osteoplasty
osteotome
osteotomy
patellectomy
phalangectomy
rachiotomy
spondylosyndesis
tarsectomy
tenomyoplasty
tenorrhaphy
tenotomy
Diagnostic Procedural Terms to Know: Musculoskeletal:
arthrocentesis
arthrogram
arthroscopy
electromyogram
Additional Terms to Know: Musculoskeletal
adenoblast
arthroalgia
bradykinesia
carpal
dyskinesia
femoral
humeral
hyperkinesia
iliofemoral
intervertebral
intracranial
ischiofibular
ischiopubic
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteonecrosis
pubofemoral
sternoclavicular
sternoid
subcostal
submandibular
submaxillary
subscapular
symphysis
vertebrocostal
chiropodist
podiatrist
chiropractic
chiropractor
orthopedics
orthopedist
osteopathy
osteopath
PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR LESSON 11
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
MATCHING:
---- inter
---- supra
---- syn, sym
---- asthenia
---- clasis, clast
---- desis
a
b
c
d
e
f
together, joined
between
above
surgical fixation, fusion
break
growth
---- physis
---- schisis
MATCHING:
---- carp/o
---- clavic/o
---- cost/o
---- crani/o
---- femor/o
---- fibul/o
---- humer/o
---- ili/o
---- ischi/o
---- mandibul/o
---- maxill/o
---- patell/o
---- phlang/o
---- pub/o
---- radi/o
---- scapul/o
---- stern/o
---- tars/o
---- tibi/o
---- uln/o
---- rachi/o
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
femur
ilium
mandible
ulna
clavicle
humerus
ischium
carpals
phalanges
radius
rib
scapula
sternum
cranium
fibula
tarsals
pubis
maxilla
tibia
vertebra, vertebral column
patella
MATCHING:
---- aponeur/o
---- arthr/o
---- burs/o
---- chondr/o
---- menisc/o
---- ten/o
---- ankyl/o
---- blast/o
---- kinesi/o
---- kyph/o
---- lamin/o
---- myel/o
---- my/o
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
cartilage
crooked, stiff, bent
bursa
movement
aponeurosis
hump
muscle
tendon
bone marrow
joint
bone
stone
meniscus
DEFINE:
ankylosis
g
h
split, fissure
weakness, loss of feeling
arthritis
arthrochondritis
osteocarcinoma
osteochondritis
osteofibroma
osteomalacia
schliosis
tenodynia
ankylosing spondylitis
bunion
exostosis
gout
myasthenia gravis
adenoblast
dyskinesia
hyperkinesia
intracranial
submandibular
symphysis
chiropodist
podiatrist
chiropractic
chiropractor
orthopedics
orthopedist
osteopathy
osteopath
ASSIGNMENT FOR LESSON 11
Medical Terminology, HS 280
The Musculoskeletal System
MATCHING:
---- 1
shaft of bone
---- 2
hard layer of bone
---- 3
outer most layer
---- 4
found in bone cavities
---- 5
lining of bone cavity
---- 6
ends of bone
---- 7
contains little spaces
MATCHING:
---- 8
attaches muscle to bone
---- 9
fluid filled sac
---- 10
smooth layer of gristle
---- 11
socket in the pelvic bone
---- 12
fluid
---- 13
heel bone
---- 14
connects bone to bone
---- 15
cartilage of knee
---- 16
pubic bone joint
---- 17
acts as a tendon
---- 18
found between vertebra
---- 19
part of vertebra arch
DEFINE:
20
inter:
21
supra:
22
syn-, sym-
23
asthenia:
24
-clasis, -clast, -clasia
25
-desis:
DEFINE:
26
-physis:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
bone marrow
cancellous bone
compact bone
diaphysis
endometrium
endosteum
epiphysis
periosteum
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
acetabulum
aponeurosis
bursa
calcaneous
cartilage
intervertebral disc
lamina
ligament
meniscus
periosteum
symphysis pubis
synovia
tendon
27
schisis:
Assignment for Lesson 11, Musculoskeletal, pg. 2
28
ankylosis:
29
bursitis:
30
kyphosis:
31
myasthenia gravis:
32
osteomalacia:
33
osteomyelitis:
34
tendinitis:
35
bunion:
36
muscular dystrophy:
37
bradykinesia:
38
osteonecrosis
39
symphysis:
40
vertebrocostal: