Download Life on an Ocean Planet

Chapter 1 Vocabulary
1) Biological Oceanography
2) Chemical Oceanography
3) Earth and Space Science
4) Geological Oceanography
5) Inquiry
6) Marine Science
7) Situatedness
8) Social Sciences
9) Deductive Reasoning
10) Inductive Reasoning
11) Scientific Method
12) Theory
►How to Learn Marine Science Most Efficiently
►Life on an Ocean Planet
►Defining Your Study
►Science, Technology, Society and You
Exit
Study Elements and Visual References
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Unit 1: Importance of Ocean Exploration
Unit 2: The Foundation of Life in the Ocean
Unit 3: A Water World
Unit 4: The Motion of the Ocean
Unit 5: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea
Unit 6: The Present and Future of the Marine Environment
 These units cover a broad spectrum of marine science fundamentals, which
helps you prepare for a career in or related to marine science.
Chapter 1 Pages 1-34 to 1-36
How to Learn Marine Science Most Efficiently
 There are six basic study elements (units) in Life on an Ocean Planet that divide
marine science into meaningful segments. These units are:
 The six units show you the various marine sciences.
 This covers what related careers involve. One goal being to help you find what areas of
marine science fit best with your interests and desires.
 Most important, however, is your desire, passion, and interest in that career.
Chapter 1 Pages 1-35 & 1-36
How to Learn Marine Science Most Effectively
Visual References to Focus Study
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Headings (black) and subheadings (blue) divide each chapter.
Paying attention to these helps to organize the materials.
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Learning Objectives are green: found under subheadings.
IMPORTANT: as you read, find the answers
to each of the learning objective questions.
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Relevant supplement information: found
in the purple-boxed sidebars.
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Photos and illustrations are red. These provide important
visual information to illustrate what you’re reading.
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Quick Quiz is found at the end of a main
subject division. IMPORTANT: Review
the materials until you understand any
questions missed before moving on.
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Review questions are found at the end of each chapter.
Learning Effectively with Life on an Ocean Planet
 First, read the table of contents; note chapter titles and subheadings.
 Next, go through from cover to cover. Pay attention to style and how it’s
laid out. Look for the pattern in identifying elements; the marine scientist profiles,
quizzes, and reviews. Skim the glossary, index, and references.
 Surveying before reading makes learning more efficient and effective.
It does this by establishing your mental framework about marine science.
Chapter 1 Pages 1-36 to 1-38
How to Learn Marine Science Most Efficiently
 The first thing to do is survey this book. You do this by:
 After surveying the book
there are five study steps to
follow as you learn.
I. The Scientist in You
A. What is a scientist?
1) Someone who uses the processes of science to find
answers about how and why things work…
a) …in the world.
b) …in the observable universe.
2) This is what makes science
an adventure full of
discovery and wonder.
3) Science is about facts and how
you analyze those facts. Doing
this analysis is called the “scientific process”and when
you use it, you are a scientist.
II. The Ocean Planet
A. The oceans produce two influences vital to
life on Earth.
1) Weather and world climate patterns dictate how
warm, cold, wet, or dry it will be. This largely
determines where humans live on land.
B. In addition, the oceans provide three important
marine resources:
1) Food • Oxygen • Natural
Resources (such as oil)
2) Humans have seen all of the Earth’s
surface, but there’s far more to
discover below than on it.
3) Humans increasingly change the oceans;
pollution and overfishing have caused
serious damage, coral reefs are dying off,
and there’s more.
4) What you learn here about the science of
investigation and problem-solving, regardless
of your final career choice, benefits you by
making you a more capable person who
contributes to society.
III. Marine Science
A) Marine Science – the process of discovering the
facts, processes, and unifying principles that
explain the nature of the oceans and their
associated life forms.
B) Oceanography – the science of recording and describing
the ocean’s contents and processes.
1) There are four main branches of oceanography.
A) Biological oceanography – studies life in
the ocean.
B) Chemical oceanography – studies the
chemistry of seawater.
C) Geological oceanography – studies
the geology of the ocean.
D) Physical oceanography – studies the physics
within the marine environment.
C) Technology has made marine exploration and
its associated careers possible. It is through
technology that true marine exploration has
become possible.
IV. Integrating the Sciences
A) Marine Science – draws on research from all three
of the traditional sciences to understand what is
observed in the ocean. Marine science is truly an
interdisciplinary course of study. Most marine
scientists have training in all three of the
traditional science disciplines.
1. Physical Science – study of matter and energy and
their interactions.
2. Life Science – study of living things and their
interactions with their environments.
3. Earth and Space Science – study of the physical
Earth, the solar system, the universe and their
interrelationships.
V. Studying Science Itself
A) Marine science involves four study areas beyond
traditional science disciplines:
1. Science as Inquiry – applying science as a way of
solving problems, answering questions.
2. Science and Technology – learning how science
advances technology and vice-versa.
3. Science in Personal and Social Perspectives –
how science affects you and society.
4. Historical Nature of Science – understanding
how science evolved as a discipline.
B) Situatedness is the explanation of when, where,
and why a concept came about.
It is important to marine scientists because in
oceanography, they may apply established
scientific concepts that they will never personally
demonstrate or observe. Situatedness gives
scientists some basis for judging the validity of
scientific concepts.
VI. Cross-Disciplinary Nature of Marine
Science
A) Many sciences, professions, and careers draw on
basic marine science. These disciplines include:
atmospheric science, astronomy, ecology,
biomedical research, environmental science, etc.
1) Cross-discipline areas of study include:
a) Math - Mathematics is the universal
“language” that helps you explain
the physical nature of the oceans
b) History – A historical review provides insight
to the past, present, and future of our oceans.
A historical background provides a context of
how and why the study of oceanography has
changed over time.
c) Technology - Some say technology causes
problems, some say it increases our
knowledge. It is really the advances in
technology that has made modern
oceanography possible.
d) Social Sciences - Decisions about the
environment may affect the life of others on
the planet.
e) Literature - Announcing scientific findings
to others requires using literary and
artistic forms.
f) Arts - The method of experimentation may
be in the form of videography or
ethnography rather than the typical
experiment.
VII. What is Science – a Definition…
A) Science is a body of knowledge and an organized
method used to gain knowledge about the
observable universe.
B) Technology is a material system that produces
intended results or in a general sense, knowledge of
those systems.
1) Benefit - health care, transportation,
communication, agriculture and exploration.
2) Burden - issues such as pollution spills and global
warming.
C) There are three broad actions that society can take
with respect to the effects of science and
technology on the environment:
1. Consider the environment a lost cause and
disregard the effects.
2. Dismiss the effect as overstated by scientists and
inconsequential.
3. Prioritize the consequences in developing and
applying technologies.
VIII. The Scientific Method
A) The formal, organized steps scientists follow in
proposing explanations for their observations and
then testing their explanations are called the
scientific method.
B) When you apply the scientific method, you apply
scientific process skills (identifying the
problem, classifying data, communicating
findings, interpreting measurements, predicting
outcomes, and recording data).
C) The Five Basic Steps to the scientific method
include:
1. Identify the problem (or question)
2. Make a hypothesis – making an educated guess
you can test about the answer.
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Interpret and analyze results – if the data
support your hypothesis, you have a theory.
5. Report results, procedures and conclusions –
Reporting results is important because it
allows other scientists to verify your work
and conclusions, and It allows other
scientists to build on what you’ve learned.
a) inductive reasoning to propose a process
that explains the facts you observe.
b) deductive reasoning to propose what you
would observe should a known process
take place.
The Progress of Science
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Because science is a process, it changes.
Science progresses through the revision of theories in the light of new evidence or better
explanations of existing evidence.
Just because there is a new theory and new evidence it does not mean things
change overnight.
Scientific progress also has social and scientific influences. Often, it takes acceptance by
prominent scientists with noted credibility before the new theory replaces the old.
Staying Current with Science
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Keeping up with current trends, findings, and developments benefit you:
 You can anticipate changes caused by science and technology, prepare, and advance
your career with them or …. you can disregard them and spend time trying to catch up
with those who don’t.
 By being current you can help society handle the effects of science.
 You can base your ethical evaluations, estimates, and other potential effects on
accurate information.
 You can then vote and voice opinions based on reality rather than on misconceptions.