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1 MAR 105 - Introduction to Oceanography Professor Pamela Lynch 1 Why Are You Here? • Long Island is an ISLAND • The Ocean is your backyard 1 A synthetic view of our ocean planet © digitalife/ShutterStock, Inc. 1 1 1 Hawaii, 66’ wave, Fig. 9-16, p. 211 Our marine life is the stuff of movies! 1 1 …and fables… Aug. 1, 2008: “The Montauk Monster” OCEANS? 1 The Ocean 1 • EARTH: The only planet w/ Oceans (or liquid water) • Covers 71% of earth’s surface • “Divided” into 4 large basins – – – – – Pacific (largest, deepest) Atlantic Indian Arctic (smallest, shallowest) (sometimes people add a 5th: the Antarctic, “Southern Ocean”) Figure 1.2 1 Figure 1.3b 1 Figure 1.3c 1 The Ocean 1 > Covers 71% of the earth’s surface (197 million square miles) • Accounts for 97% of the water on earth (rest in land ice, ground/freshwater, lakes & rivers) • Average depth = 3,796 meters (12,451 feet) (deepest = Mariana trench 11,022 m or 36,163 ft) • Average temp = 3.9oC (only 39oF) Figure 1.3a 1 1 Fnft Figure 1.3d 1 1 Fig. 1-1, Garrison Important Facts 1 • 81% of the Southern Hemisphere is covered by Ocean (remember that! It’ll become really important later…); while only 61% of the Northern Hemisphere is covered – WHY? • The Oceans are 4X as deep as the Continents are high (average depth = 2.5 miles). • The Pacific (Ocean) is so huge that it covers almost ½ of the Earth’s surface; it is also the Earth’s largest collection of water. • We have 100X more “aquatic” habitats available on earth than terrestrial habitats (1.4 billion cubic kilometers). Oceanography: What Is It? • Oceanography is the scientific study of the ocean by applying traditional sciences, such as physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and engineering, to all aspects of the ocean. Subdisciplines of Oceanography • Marine Geology– Composition of ocean floor and the earth • Physical oceanography– Movement of water (waves, currents…) • Chemical Oceanography– Ocean’s dissolved solids and gases • Marine biology– marine organisms, the impact of human activities on these organisms • Marine Engineers– Design and build oil platforms, ships, harbors etc. that enable us to use the ocean wisely 1 History of Marine Biology/Oceanography • Ocean explored for food, as trade routes, wars, and for voyaging • Mediterranean Sea: 1st voyages then the Atlantic Ocean was explored (900-700 BC). Cartographers (chart makers) on board. • Alexander the Great: (Egypt) Lib. of Alexandria • Christopher Columbus (1492): “new world” discovered by accident. Followed by Magellan (1500’s, Port. navigator) and Cook (1768, comm. of Endeavour voyage) • Charles Darwin Naturalist on HMS Beagle (1831) Figure 1.8 1 1 History of Marine Biology/Oceanography • First Voyages ever to specifically study the ocean (19 yrs. to publish, 50 volumes) • Challenger Expedition (1872-1876): measuring systems used, species samples • Marine Laboratories – Stazione Zooligica – Naples Italy (1872) – MBL & Woods Hole Oceanograohic Institution– Massachussets – Scripps Institution of Oceanography, CA – Friday Harbor Marine Lab, Washington • Allowed long term observation of living organisms Now: “Woods Hole” 1 1 Oceanography… •Then….and Now… Then… Ben Franklin 1769 Gulf Stream chart 1 1 Then…the “world” chart…3rd cen. BC Let’s talk about OCEANS! 1 Now… 1 Then…500 B.C. greek ship 1 Now…typical Research Vessel 1 NOW: “Aquarius” FL Keyes underwater lab 1 Figure 1.11