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By Chelsea Sidrane Mentor: Dr. Richard Jones Nuclear Physicists What is the world made of? What holds it together? The Standard Model was born UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 2 What Happened to the Atom?! The atom is no longer fundamental The atom is made up of: Nucleus ○ Protons/Neutrons Quarks and Gluons Electrons UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 3 The Standard Model states Two groups of elementary particles; fermions and bosons Fermions -Two main groups Bosons -Four main types -Have half-integer spin(1/2, etc.) -Have integer spin (0,1,2) -Obey the Pauli exclusion principle -Do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 4 Fermions Three Generations of Matter UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane Quarks Fractional Charge Color charge Compose protons and neutrons Leptons Families/Flav ors Integer charge Solitary Decay Lightest=Most Abundant Flavor Changes UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 6 Antimatter Elementary particles have antiparticles Note: The corresponding antimatter particle is generally represented by a bar placed over the symbol of the particle: Up quark equal and opposite charges UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane u ū Anti Up quark The Standard Model states Quickfact: the fourth fundamental force isinteract The elementary (fermion) particles but it has(boson) yet to beforce-carrier incorporated into bygravity, exchanging particles the standard model The photon{ γ } force carrier for electromagnetic force affects electrically charged particles The gluon{ g } force carrier for strong nuclear force affects color-charged particles (quarks); holding them together in composite particles The Z boson{ Z }, and W bosons{ W+, W- } Three Generations of Matter force carrier particles for weak nuclear force couples to particles with weak charge W bosons intermediate flavor changes (a tau[τ] a muon[μ] for example) UConn Mentorchanging Connectioninto 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 8 The Standard Model states These interactions fall into 3 categories: electromagnetic force; weak nuclear force; and strong nuclear force oCauses attraction and repulsion between electrically charged particles oCarrier particle is the photon γ oPhotons, massless, travel at speed of light, makes up the electromagnetic spectrum oIs responsible for : chemistry, biology, magnetism, many other forces we encounter everyday UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 9 All stable matter in the universe is made up of the least massive type of each particle: Feynman diagram!!! Decay is orchestrated by the carrier particles of weak interactions: W+ W- particles UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 10 oForce between color-charged particles (mainly quarks) is strong force (responsible for hadrons) oColor-charged particles exchange gluons; creating color force field oResidual strong force : holds the nucleus together Color must always be conserved just as energy and electric charge 11 UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane Composite Particles Hadrons •composed of strongly interacting particles (quarks or gluons) •have a integer EM charge and no net color charge Baryons Quark Quark Quark Mesons Up Quark U Ū Anti Up Quark All hadrons must be color neutral UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 12 Quantum Numbers and Conservation Quantum Numbers/Conserved Properties Angular Momentum/Spin *Lepton number(s) *Baryon number *Electric charge Flavor: Strangeness Charm Bottomness Topness Isospin Color Charge Momentum/Energy Weak Charge/Isospin UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 13 GlueX The goal of GlueX is to study the concept of confinement in those particles that display some degree of gluonic freedom; hybrid mesons. UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 14 Our Part Of the many components that went into constructing the GlueX setup, we worked on the photon source, specifically, the mount for the crystal radiator GlueX Calorimetry Tracking Photon source UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 15 The Requirements for the Photon Source 9 GeV Photon Beam Low background radiation Linear polarization: both electric and magnetic fields are oriented in a single direction; as is the resulting photon beam UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 16 Two Methods Compton Back-Scattering polarization no background radiation (laser) Bremsstrahlung Sufficient Energy Sufficient Flux UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 17 The Principles Behind Our Experiment Feynman Diagram of an atom in a radiator Virtual photon AKA bremsstrahlung radiation UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 18 Coherent Bremsstrahlung Coherent bremsstrahlung greatly increases the flux of photons/GeV; represented by the peaks on this graph UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 19 Reciprocal Lattice Vectors In reciprocal space model for diffraction in crystals measured in units of 1/distance UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 20 Mounting the Radiator Diamond mounted on carbon fibers Goal Avoid low energy background bremsstrahlung UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 21 The Principles Behind Our Experiment: Ensuring Radiator Stability Vibrating Wire Crystal radiator must be stable Must be finely tunable to create Coherent Bremsstrahlung • Resonancea system’s tendency to vibrate with a larger amplitude at certain frequencies • Constructive intereference UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 22 Weighting the Wire Tension (T) Tension (T) drop of glue Wires assumed massless M Length (L) Making Measurements -resonance frequency of carbon fibers -increased mass lowers resonant frequencies UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane similar to frequency 23 Weighting the Wire: Theory V. Data •Theoretical Data estimated to find resonant curve *Enlarged view* Peak of Resonance Curve is maximum resonant frequency UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 24 Conclusion The Standard Model and the origin of particle physics The GlueX experiment Our work on the radiator mount UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 25 Acknowledgements Dr. Jones Professor Mannhiem Brendan Pratt Chris Pelletier Igor Senderovich George Rawitscher UConn Mentor Connection 2010, Chelsea Sidrane 26