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Test Review – Chapters 7, 8 & 9 March 12, 2009 Ballots What method of voting do we use in the U.S. today? Australian Ballot – specifically the Office-Group Ballot Ballots What method of voting was used during colonial elections? Voice voting. Do we still use this? No Ballots Name three advantages of Online Voting. Increases voter turnout, efficient, cheap Name three disadvantages of Online Voting. Hackers, technical failures, some voters (older people) don’t use technology. Ballots What sort of ballot/voting machine system do we use in Harris County? E-Slate Types of Elections In this type of election, members of the same party gather to decide whom they will support in an election (hint: it takes a loooong time) Caucus Types of Elections An election held within a party to pick that party’s candidates for a general election. Primary Types of Elections In this type of primary, only declared party members may vote for candidates for their party. Closed Primary Types of Elections In this type of primary, qualified voters from either party or independents may vote for a party’s candidates. Open Primary Types of Elections This type of election is held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Voters may select candidates from either party. General Election Money & Elections The Federal Election Commission (FEC) is part of which level and branch of government? Federal Executive Money & Elections Name the FEC’s four areas of responsibility. 1. 2. 3. 4. Timely disclosure of campaign finance data Limits on campaign contributions Limits on campaign expenditures Provide public funds for the presidential elections Money & Elections What is the maximum individual contribution to a federal candidate (per election)? $2,400 Money & Elections In the 2008 presidential election, did either candidate accept federal matching funds? Yes, John McCain accepted matching funds. This limited his spending in the general election to $84 million. Barack Obama, who did not accept matching funds, spent $150 million on the general election. Money & Elections Money given directly to the candidate or campaign. Subject to FEC regulation. Hard money Money & Elections Funds spent by organizations that are not contributed directly to candidate campaigns, and which do not "expressly advocate" the election or defeat of a candidate. Soft money Money & Elections Arms of labor unions, corporations, and interest groups that collect and donate money to political parties and candidates. Political Action Committees Money & Elections True/False: Some wealthy individuals give money to political campaigns because they hope to gain influence or be offered important political jobs (cabinet post, ambassadorship). True Money & Elections Who gives the most to candidates? Individuals or PACs? Individuals. PACs are in second place. Money & Elections What is one reason why interest groups, through PACs, give money to political candidates? They want access to the candidates once they are elected. Money & Elections This government agency deals with campaign financing of federal (national) elections. Federal Election Commission (FEC) Mass Media How does mass media affect public policy? The media have the power to get the public to focus on a certain issue. Mass Media What is the #1 media source for most Americans? Newspapers, radio, TV, Internet, movies, books, art? TV Mass Media What factors limit the influence of the mass media? Most people do not follow public events closely. People tend to select sources of information that reflect and support views they already hold. Most media focus on entertainment, rather than on informing the public/serious news. Mass Media Which media source provides the best in-depth reporting? Newspapers Public Opinion True/False: An election is the best way to measure public opinion. False Public Opinion Definition: The attitudes held by a significant number of people on matters of government and politics. Vocab Term: Public opinion Public Opinion What are the six factors that shape public opinion? Family, schools, mass media, peer groups, opinion leaders, historic events Which factor is the most important? FAMILY Public Opinion What is political socialization? How you get your political opinions; the influences that shape your political views. Public Opinion What are the five steps of scientific polling, in order: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Define the universe Construct a sample Prepare valid questions Conduct interviews Report the poll’s findings Public Opinion In a poll, what is the difference between a random sample and a quota sample? 1. Random sample: a certain number of randomly selected people who live in a certain number of randomly selected places. (example: the first 1,000 people who walk by) 2. Quota sample: sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given universe. (example: interviewing 50 percent men, 50 percent women; 25 percent seniors, 25 percent juniors, 25 percent sophomores, 25 percent freshmen) Public Opinion How do biased/loaded questions influence opinion polls? They create inaccurate responses. Give an example of a biased/loaded question. Public Opinion Definition: Poll that seeks to read the public’s mind simply by asking the same question of a large number of people. Vocab term: Straw Poll Public Opinion What is the best way to measure public opinion? Opinion Polls Interest Groups Most interest groups are formed on the basis of… A shared attitude/common opinion on a specific issue Interest Groups Who is targeted by lobbyists? All 3 branches Legislative -- pass favorable laws Executive -- how laws are/aren’t enforced; executive appointments Judicial -- nominations to bench, influencing judge’s opinions Interest Groups Definition: A group that pushes for public policies that benefit all of society Vocab Term: Public Interest Group Interest Groups The AFL-CIO, the Fraternal Order of Police, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union are examples of which type of interest group? Labor Groups Interest Groups Name the 6 functions of Interest Groups 1. Stimulate interest in public affairs 2. Represent members based on shared attitudes, instead of shared geography 3. Provide specialized information to government agencies 4. Serve as vehicles for political participation 5. Provide additional checks and balances 6. Compete with one another in the public arena Interest Groups The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), the Chamber of Commerce, and the United States Brewers Association are examples of which type of interest group? Business Groups Interest Groups National Grange, American Farm Bureau, National Farmers Union are examples of which type of Interest Group? Agricultural Groups Interest Groups ACLU, Sierra Club, National Women’s Political Caucus are examples of which type of interest group? Groups that promote causes Interest Groups League of Women Voters, Common Cause, Public Citizen are examples of which type of interest group? Public Interest Groups Interest Groups National Council of Churches, American Jewish Congress, National Catholic Welfare Council are examples of which type of interest group? Religious Organizations Propaganda Techniques “John Carlin is a ‘tax-and-spend,’ bleeding-heart liberal. He raised taxes 57 times as governor of California.” Name the propaganda technique. Name-calling/mudslinging Propaganda Techniques “Joan Finney stands for American values. She will create jobs. She has a proven track record on crime. She believes in strong families.” Name the propaganda technique Glittering generalities Propaganda Techniques “A vote for Mike Hayden will not keep America safe. The United States will likely face another terror attack if he is elected.” Name the propaganda technique Fear Propaganda Techniques “Bill Graves led the fight for a balanced budget. He fought to improve education and expand the number of children with health insurance.” (neglecting to mention he was caught accepting bribes from an insurance company lobbyist) Name the propaganda technique: Card-staking Propaganda Techniques “Today, Senator Ted Kennedy and JFK’s daughter, Caroline Kennedy, endorsed Barack Obama for president.” Name the propaganda technique Testimonial Propaganda Techniques “Robert Docking was born in a small town. He was the first in his family to graduate from college. He came back home, took over the family store…” Name the propaganda technique Plain Folks Propaganda Techniques Name the propaganda technique Transfer Propaganda Techniques “The Electricians’ Union, the Fraternal Order of Police, the Plumbers’ Union, all of the barbers in town, and the old guys who hang out in the diner have endorsed Bob Bennett for governor. Shouldn’t you?” Name the propaganda technique Bandwagon