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Transcript
Europe & The Great War (1890-1920) Do Now “Modern” What does it mean? Is it a good thing? A bad thing? Can it be both? Modern HISTORY DEFINITION A term used to describe… • quicker pace of life • the rise of mass politics • decline of rural life / more urban life …from the late 1800s on. Modern GENERAL DEFINITION • a sharp break from the past and tradition • can refer to literature, art, politics, ideas, etc. Kandinsky, Russian painter Modern We will be looking at how Europe became more “modern” in both ways… Europe Modernized Industrialization - Railroads - Commercial agriculture - Automobiles Technology - Indoor plumbing - Electricity - Telephones - Photography Modern Thought & Culture • “modern” ideas go back to the Enlightenment: you can solve any problem through rational thought and science • But “modern” thinkers of late 1800s / early 1900s use science to look at humanity more negatively Modern Thought & Culture Review what these terms mean… • Realpolitik – Politics not based on ideals (ex: rights) / based on what is good for the state • Social Darwinism – Some groups of people more “fit” to survive than others / should therefore be in charge Modern Thought & Culture Sigmund Freud • Begins field of psychology • Believes humans act out of self-interest / humans not always reasonable Modern Thought & Culture Max Weber • Pessimistic about governments’ ability to deal with modern problems (large populations, etc.) • Get rid of bureaucracy • Need a strong and powerful leader to act decisively Modern Thought & Culture Friedrich Nietzsche • • • • People like rationalism and science because it is easier to deal with But the truth about humans is more disturbing Moves away from ideas of the Enlightenment / human instincts are important His ideas inspiring at first, but later used to justify racism, nationalism, militarism, etc. Modern Thought & Culture What do these thinkers have in common? The old rules and ideas no longer apply or work. Universal vs. Relative The world is a crazy place, and crazy actions may be necessary. Modern Thought & Culture Igor Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring (1913) • • • Extremely jarring new music Awkward poses and dances to intense rhythms Attempting to depict “primitive” non-European peoples Watch this clip “Audience began shouting its indignation… Fighting actually broke out among the spectators” - a Paris reporter Discuss • How does The Rite of Spring express the idea of “modern”? • How can modernism be seen as a positive thing? • How can it be seen as negative? • How do these thinkers move away from the ideas of the Enlightenment? • What problems could these modern ideas pose in terms of human rights? Do Now • What does the term “modern” mean? • What were some modern ideas at the turn of the 20th century? The Road to World War I Use this mnemonic device to help you take notes… • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism Nationalism: Population & “Race” • Population boom in cities at this time (lower death rates, more sanitation, etc.) • But lower birth rates (less children needed for help on farms / agriculture more efficient) • Social Darwinists concerned about this / want to see their nations win in “survival of the fittest” • People become more racist and anti-immigrant Nationalism • Labor & Socialist parties gain strength / challenge conservatives • Nationalism [and racism] provide a way for the far right to mobilize people • Feel like their nation is “threatened” / Social Darwinism as a way of motivating people Imperialism • European states’ attempts to maintain colonies abroad makes relations difficult in Europe • EX: British have problems in South Africa / Germany cheers on the resistance Militarism • European countries massively build up their militaries to protect their overseas colonies • Industrial factories make this possible • People of these countries support this (thanks to nationalism) Alliance Is an agreement between two countries to help each other. It can include aid in the form of money, food, weapons, etc. Or it can mean a promise for military action. Alliances Late 1800s, European nation-states form several alliances… • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain “entente” means a less formal promise than an alliance (can be broken more easily) Alliances Alliances Leaders thought that these alliances would keep the peace because no single nation would dare to attack another and bring about a total war Actively Read …this primary source about the Dreyfus Affair. Use vocabulary from previous units in this class, or from today, to annotate your texts. What long-term cause of World War I might we associate this with? What are some possible connections? Do Now CAUSE and EFFECT: How does this work? What do you think is the difference between a long-term CAUSE and a short-term CAUSE? What were some long-term causes that led to World War I? Review: Alliances Alliances Leaders thought that these alliances would keep the peace because no single nation would dare to attack another and bring about a total war Alliances BUT there is a place called the Balkans… The Balkan Crisis 1912-13: • Nationalist ethnic groups in this region want their own nation-states • Revolt against the Ottoman Empire who had ruled them for hundreds of years and mostly win The Balkan Crisis • One of these new nation-states is Serbia • Nationalism is very big here, but many ethnic Serbs are stuck living under Austria-Hungary’s Empire • Serbian nationalist leaders want to expand their borders and unite the Serbian people • Austria-Hungary very concerned about this / a rebellion may cause other uprisings in their empire Balkan Crisis • June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand decides to visit Sarajevo, a city in Bosnia (in the Balkans) • Ferdinand is assassinated by a young Serbian named Gavrilo Princip Balkan Crisis • Princip is arrested and Austria-Hungary uses this as an excuse to punish Serbia • Austria-Hungary makes humiliating demands and declares war on Serbia July 28, 1914 Balkan Crisis • Russia promised to support Serbia if attacked (considered close because both peoples identify with Slavic ethnicity… nationalism!) / Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary • Germany sees Russia as a threat to German nationalism (Austrians also speak German) / Germany declares war on Russia, then on France • Etc. etc. etc. War Begins Germany’s attack on a neutral country (Belgium), brings Great Britain into the war Allied Powers Central Powers Great Britain France Russia Germany World War I AustriaHungary Italy Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I What does it mean to be cynical? Watch this video from Crash Course in World History and complete the worksheet. Homework Actively read and answer questions on “The War Begins” and “A New Kind of War” Do Now Take out last night’s reading on “The Great War Begins” and “A New Kind of War” Be prepared to discuss. Because the Kaiser’s moustache said so! The Great War Begins 1. What were the major events of the fighting of 1914? The Great War Begins Battle of the Frontiers The Great War Begins Russian invasion of Germany = a disaster (prisoners of war at Tannenberg) The Great War Begins Battle of the Marne The Great War Begins Stalemate on the Western Front The Great War Begins 2. How did the construction of the trenches affect the war in 1914? The Great War Begins A New Kind of War 1. How did World War I differ from all previous wars? A New Kind of War Trench warfare on a MASSIVE scale A New Kind of War Miserable trench life A New Kind of War Life in the trenches A New Kind of War Life in the trenches A New Kind of War Trench foot A New Kind of War 2. How did new technology affect the World War I battlefield? A New Kind of War Poison gas A New Kind of War What dangers did soldiers have to worry about while fighting in the trenches? What effect did all of this fighting have on the direction of the war? Use evidence from the images to support your answer. A New Kind of War “no-man’s-land” A New Kind of War A New Kind of War “shelling” A New Kind of War “Shell Shock” Psychological trauma as a result of war experience Symptoms include: • Constant anxiety • Facial muscle tics • Nightmares/daymares • Diarrhea • Loss of sight Symptoms often directly linked to physical experiences during wartime Paths of Glory (1957) Fictional anti-war film by Stanley Kubrick that takes place with French troops during World War I. Watch these scenes… A stroll through the trenches We’ll take the ant hill Charging the ant hill Discussion • What is “shell shock”? • What do you think is the colonel’s impression about human life in war? • What do you think the “ant hill” represents? • What might be the connection between what you see here and industrialism? • What might be the connection between this and modernity? Do Now What is a “civilian”? In what ways do you think civilians can be involved with a war effort? War on the Home Front In what ways did “total war” affect life on the home front? How did civilians support the war effort? Women building a railroad in England War on the Home Front What is rationing? War on the Home Front What are sedition acts? War on the Home Front What is propaganda? War on the Home Front What effect did propaganda have on the war itself? French war propaganda, 1915 This poster reads “Never Forget!” Is intended to incite anger against the Germans for “the rape of Belgium” Propaganda offices send out reports to newspapers of women and children being attacked by German troops (sometimes not completely accurate) Wrap-Up • What is “total war”? • Name some ways that civilians contributed to the war • What is rationing? • Sedition acts? • Propaganda? Do Now “Why did the United States enter the first world war?” Develop a hypothesis that answers this question. Why did the United States enter the first world war? • Share your hypothesis with the class • As a class, let’s develop a list of possible reasons that we can explore together • Record these reasons in the left column of your chart Why did the United States enter the first world war? • As a class, let’s work through the documents one at a time • Use active reading skills to make notes in the margins • Point to evidence that will support or refute your hypothesis • As we discuss, record whether the evidence supports or refutes your hypothesis in the chart Do Now What should a peace treaty do? Who should benefit from it? What lessons could be learned from a war? Read… • Actively read this text on the end of World War I • Then, respond to the questions for each section The End of the Fighting 1. What was the outcome of Germany’s last offensive? 2. What effect did U.S. troops have on the war? The End of the Fighting 1917: Russian tanks withdraw from the Eastern Front. Their country going through revolution and Civil War. The End of the Fighting 1918: German “Spring” Offensive The End of Fighting BUT… American troops (AKA “doughboys”) had arrived in large numbers The End of the Fighting Allied “Counter-Offensive” (Summer 1918) The End of the Fighting Armistice declared: November 11, 1918 (11/11 at 11 o’clock) A Difficult Peace 1. How did various Allied goals for peace differ? 2. Why was it so difficult to work out a peace agreement? A Difficult Peace USA: Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points… • Worldwide reduction of weapons • Free navigation of the seas • “Self-determination” (political independence) for all national groups (ex: Italy, Austria-Hungary, the Balkans, Poland, etc.) • A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee independence for all nations A Difficult Peace FRANCE: Georges Clemenceau wants “reparations” (payments for war damages) from Germany A Difficult Peace BRITAIN: David Lloyd George - somewhere between Clemenceau and Wilson A Difficult Peace 2. How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Germany? A Difficult Peace Treaty of Versailles A Difficult Peace League of Nations membership map A Difficult Peace The Costs of the War 1. What event that began in 1918 added to the suffering caused by fighting? The Costs of the War Influenza pandemic (1918) The Costs of the War Economic Devastation (in this photo: Flanders, Belgium) War Around the World What role did “colonial peoples” play in the war? What did they hope they might gain in return? The Costs of the War Colonial Uprisings (in this photo: Egypt’s Revolution against British rule (1919-1922) Homework Study for the quiz on World War I!