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• Viewed themselves holistically as one part of the wider world
of animate and inanimate nature.
• Ex: Before Columbus and later Europeans reached the
continents of North and South America, people living there
practiced various forms of animism.
• Animism
• Appearing around 500 B.C., emerged as a branch of Hinduism
in an area not far from the Punjab.
• Ex: As Buddhism spread it developed many regional forms,
tibetah Buddhism is distinct from Japanese Buddhism.
• Buddhism
• Originated about 2,000 years ago, developed in Jerusalem
among the disciples of Jesus.
• Ex: For centuries, it spread by the force of conversion to save
souls but also for the purposes of political control.
• Christianity
• Philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on
the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one
of the core elements of Chinese culture.
• Ex: Confucius urged the poor to asset themselves.
• Confucianism
• Religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of
people.
• Ex: Judaism
• Ethnic Religion
• Portion of a state that is separated from the main territory
and surrounded by another country.
• Ex: Ceuta (Morocco)
• Exclave
• Tendencies toward congregation and discrimination are longstanding but dominated by internal cohesion and identity.
• Enclave
• Any religious orthodoxy that is revivalist and ultraconservative
in nature
• Ex: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism, Sikhism, Buddhism,
Confucianism, and Zoroastrianism
• Fundamentalism
• Responsibility of identifying suitable gravesites for the
deceased- gravesites that leave the dead in perfect harmony
with their natural surroundings
• Ex: The Chinese created burial mounds for their dead at
chosen gravesites.
• Geomancy (Feng Shui)
• Pilgrimage to Mecca
• Ex: Muslims do this at least once, as one of their five primary
obligations.
• Hadj
• First religion to emerge, among the peoples of the IndoGangetic Plain, 4,000 years ago.
• Ex: Buddhism emerged as a branch of Hinduism in an area not
far from the Punjab.
• Hinduism
• Boundaries within a single major faith.
• Ex: Divisions between Christian Protestants and Catholics.
• Interfaith Boundaries
• Related to Christianity and Judaism, it developed among the
Semitic- speaking people of the deserts of the Middle East.
• Ex: fastest- growing religion in the United States today
• Islam
• Begun in the 6th century as a revolt against the authority of
the early Hindu doctrines, rejects caste distinctions and
modifies concepts of Karma and transmigration of souls.
• Ex: Call meditation Samayik
• Jainism
• Oldest monotheistic religion, spread widely and rapidly and
numerically small because it does not seek converts.
• Ex: Developed out of the cultures and beliefs of Bronze Age
peoples.
• Judaism
• Christians, Muslims, and Jews usually bury their dead in a
cemetery. Hindus practice cremation
• Ex: Early Christians were buried in catacombs (underground
passages)
• Landscape of the Dead
• Belief in one God
• Ex: Judaism was the first Monotheistic religion
• Monotheism
• Belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators
and arbiters of all that exists in the universe.
• Ex: Hinduism
• Polytheism