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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
“Egypt, is wholly the gift of the Nile”
– Greek historian Herodotus
Looking at these pictures, what do you think
Herodotus meant by his statement?
A. THE NILE VALLEY
Human settlement almost entirely along Nile River.

Nile floods spread fertile silt, good for
agriculture (“Black Land”).

Beyond river valley was dry, sun-baked
desert (“Red Land”).
Two Main Regions:

Upper Egypt = Southern area (plateau)

Lower Egypt = Northern area (delta)
Pharaoh Menes unites these separate regions
into one kingdom ~ 3100 B.C.E.
B. EGYPT’S OLD KINGDOM
1. 2700 B.C.E. – 2200 B.C.E.
2. Monarchy: pharaohs and royal
family held all power.
3. Achievements: Pyramids
(tombs for rulers & royal
families)
4. Problems: power struggles, crop
failures, and the expense of
pyramid-building.
C. EGYPT’S MIDDLE KINGDOM
1. 2050 B.C.E. to 1800 B.C.E.
2. Achievements: large river
drainage project to create more
farmable land, conquest &
settlement of gold-rich Nubia
3. Problems: Corrupt government
led to political rebellions, Nile
River didn’t flood regularly,
invasions by the Hyksos.
D. EGYPT’S NEW KINGDOM
1. 1550 B.C.E. to 1100 B.C.E.
2. Powerful rulers: Queen
Hatshepsut (trade) and Ramses
II (conquest).
3. Achievements: building of longdistance trade networks and
military conquests.
4. Problems: invasions by Hittites,
Assyrians, Persians, Greeks and
Romans.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION: PART II
RULERS
Tutankhamen, 18-yr. old king
of the New Kingdom.
Ramses II, powerful king who
expanded Egyptian rule.
Akhenaton, rebelled
against Amon-Re
worship.
GODS & GODDESSES
Isis & Osiris
Anubis
Horus
ARCHITECTURE
Abu Simbel Temple entrance.
Entrance to a burial tomb.
Pyramids of Giza, built during the
Old Kingdom.
Temple for Queen Hatshepsut,
female pharaoh.
FOOD & DRINK
The large amount of grains
produced in Egyptian field
led to the making of bread.
Early Egyptians
regularly made &
drank beer.
Egyptians also
cultivated grapes to
make wine.
JOB SPECIALIZATION: ARTISANS
LANGUAGE
List of hieroglyphic symbols.
The Rosetta Stone – a tablet with a phrase
written in hieroglyphics, demotic, and
Greek.
Hieroglyphic Carvings
LEISURE
Hunting along the
Nile.
Senet was a very popular
game in Egypt.
Music &
dancing were
appreciated in
all levels of
Egyptian
society.
DEATH
A mummy was
stored in a
sarcophagus,
which was richly
decorated with
prayers & tools for
the afterlife.
←←←←←
It was believed that
Anubis had a
specific process
that must be
followed for
mummification.
→→→→→→→
Canopic jars held the stomach,
intestines, lungs, & liver. The
heart was left in the body for
the afterlife.