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Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Vocabulary • Delta- a triangular shaped area of soil at the mouth of a river • Silt- a mixture of soil and small rock that was deposited at the banks of the river • Papyrus- a valuable crop used to make paper • Cataracts- waterfalls/rapids that break up the flow of the Nile. Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Notes • The Nile River flows from east Africa northward into Egypt and is the longest river in the world. • If the Nile flooded too much, crops were destroyed and people were killed. • Calendars allowed them to track the number of days between flooding cycles. • Egyptians determined the Nile would flood between May and September. • The floods were beneficial because it irrigated their crops. Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Vocabulary • Unify- to unite, or come together as one • Pharaoh- title given to the king meaning “great house” • Hieroglyphics- form of writing based on pictures • Pyramid- stone building that served as houses or tombs for the dead • Mummy- preserved Egyptian body • Economy- the way people use and manage resources Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Notes • Historians believe it was either Menes, Scorpion, or Narmer who unified the two kingdoms of Egypt. • Egyptians believe in many gods. They worshipped their pharaohs as gods and built pyramids to serve as palaces for when they died. • The discovery of the Rosetta Stone led to the ability to decode hieroglyphics. • While the Nile flooded their fields, Egyptian farmers helped to build the Great Pyramid. More Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Notes • Manetho was an important person in Egyptian history because he was the first to keep written records. • Egyptians and Sumerians were similar. Both developed a form of writing, worshipped many gods, and granted some rights to women. • A difference between the two civilizations is that in Egypt some women may have been scribes and merchants. • When Egyptian pharaohs’ bodies were prepared for the afterlife all organs except the heart were removed. It was rubbed with oils and wrapped with bandages. They believed the pharaoh needed a wellpreserved body for the afterlife. More Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Notes During the Middle Kingdom: • Egypt grew due to improvements in transportation and trade. As trade grew, the economy became more prosperous. • Pharaohs began ruling with their sons or wives. This ensured the family would remain in power longer. • Egypt developed a social class structure. 1- pharaoh, 2nobles and priests, 3- merchants, craftspeople, and scribes, 4- farmers and unskilled workers, 5- slaves. Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Notes • Independent- free • Unlike Egypt, the land in Nubia had many tall cliffs of granite rock. The Egyptians wanted the granite to use in building their temples. • The Egyptians knew about the Nubians before Egypt was unified. • Nubians borrowed from and shared with the Egyptian culture. They also worshipped many gods. More Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Notes • The Nubian kingdom of Kush was affected by the invasion of Egypt: - The Egyptians destroyed their capital at Napata. - The Kushites founded a new capital in Meroe, where trade flourished. - Eventually Egyptian influence on Kush faded.