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Transcript
Nile River world’s longest river: east-central Africa…empties into Mediterranean Sea Land at mouth of Nile: Lower Egypt: delta land: triangular piece of land formed from soil deposits: rich fertile land Higher land: Upper Egypt Farther south: cataracts/waterfalls Nile cuts across Sahara Desert Wheat and barley grown on fertile land of Nile Nile: “the giver of life”…settlements along the Nile Nile River gave but also took..times of drought, times of flooding Egyptians took control of the Nile Simple irrigation ditches, dams and dikes, learned to store water Irrigation so important government supervised Authority of leaders based on ability to provide water for crops Using the information from the text and classroom discussion you are to do the following: A. Create a Poster on the Nile River B. Your Poster must have a Creative Title 10 points C. On your poster you must have illustrated at least 5 content facts about the Nile River 50 points D. Poster should be in Color 10 points E. Creativity and Neatness 20 points F. Overall evaluation 20 points TOTAL POINTS: 110 POINTS Flooding of Nile influenced Egyptians Need to find order/reason in world: created stories to explain events Gods/Goddesses controlled a part of nature Many gods/polytheism Sun god: Ra Sun’s position predictable..rise and set..rise in the east, set in the west…god born each day, died each night Belief in afterlife: life after death Another god: Hapi: god of flood..many festivals to honor Hapi, would bring good harvests Horus: sky god Osiris: god of next world Each city had a special god/goddess, as city grew powerful so did the god Amon-Ra: most powerful god http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d36noK mNNlo You will write a one page story creating a god to explain one of the following events: A. Why does it snow? B. Why does it rain? C. Why are there seasons? D. Why does the sun rise and set? E. Why is there drought? F. Why is there wind? Black ink, cursive, neatness, creativity An advanced civilization: towns along Nile, temples, stone tombs, writing, potters, copper and gold for decorative art Farming key to civilization: surplus crops: wheat and barley, trading Sinai Peninsula: crossroad for trade between Egyptians and southwestern Asia Nile served as a “highway” for trade Egyptian expert shipbuilders Importance of sails: increase travel speed, ability to sail against the current: upstream By 3100BC: two kingdoms: Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt Upper Egypt/Lower Egypt: diplomacy, interaction among the two Upper Egypt conquers Lower Egypt: now just one Egypt: capital: Memphis World’s first nation-state: a unified area under one government King Narmer: beginning of a dynasty 31 dynasties in Egypt during its history Three periods: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom Kings considered living gods…connection between gods an people..Kings never wrong Writing system: hieroglyphs: borrowed from Sumerians Used for religious purposes: “holy carvings” Expanded for government purposes How to keep records?...papyrus A book to us…a scroll for the Egyptians Old Kingdom: Age of Pyramids Pyramids: stone structures used as tombs, a type of architecture: pyramid shape identified with sun god: Ra King Zoser: first king buried in a stone pyramid Best known pyramid: Great Pyramid of Giza http://www.discovery.com/tvshows/curiosity/videos/the-great-pyramidof-giza.htm Strongest religious belief: life after death Need to preserve body after death: mummy All body parts removed except the heart…home of the soul Body dried using a salt and then wrapped in linen bandages: placed in tombs with personal belongings New Kingdom: Book of the Dead placed in tombs “weighing of the heart”: soul of dead appeared before god Osiris and group of judges: heart/feather..need to balance http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQ5dL9cQX0 End of Old Kingdom: Egypt is in a civil war, a war within a country Not only civil war but drought and famine Hard times leads to conflict, fighting “One can cross the water on foot..The land is in sickness…One will take up weapons of warfare..a son as an enemy, a brother as a foe.” 2040 BC: Egypt unites: Middle Kingdom..time of stability and growth…Dynasty 12 Look at the details: Dynasty 12 Amenemhet: king Conquered northern Nubia Chain of forts for defense Walls of Prince: series of forts to protect Nile Delta Building project Irrigation and canals Temples and pyramids: Labyrinth: 3,000 rooms Advancements in art and literature Fine jewelry Now write a paragraph explaining why Dynasty 12 was so great…using details Trade increased: southwestern Asia, eastern Africa, and eastern Mediterranean region Plenty of resources, especially grain, minerals, and semi-precious stones Lacked wood, copper Imported: silver, copper, turquoise, cedar, pinewood, gold, ebony, ivory, and incense. Risks of trade: slow, robbers, pirates Wealth could be made “Cost-benefit analysis” : pros vs cons, cost vs what benefits received: Is it worth it? Create your own cost-benefit analysis on a topic Dynasty 12 faced with attacks/invaders: eventually weak: Dynasty 13: over 70 kings Invaders from southwestern Asia: from Sinai Peninsula: Hykos: “rulers of foreign lands” Hykos: brought end of Middle Kingdom Hykos: military superiority: horse-drawn chariots, body armor, stronger bow Established Dynasty 15: in Lower Egypt Hykos: cultural exchange: horses, upright looms, lyre and the lute, expanded trade routes Egyptians will regain power Have we learned details: Write a paragraph describing the contributions the Hykos made to Egypt. Page 155: Read the biography on Hatshepsut. Give 3 specific facts about Hatshepsut. Dynasty 18: beginning of New Kingdom Egyptian kings took title of pharaoh: “great house” Power of gold: flesh of gods made of gold Time of first full-time army: conquered Nubia: land rich in gold A Queen: Hatshepsut: armies sent to Nubia and southwestern Asia: demanded conquered land pay tribute Thutmose III: Egyptian Empire reached greatest size Amenhotep IV: pharaoh Nefertiti: wife of Amenhotep Favored a single god: Aton: god of sun Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaton: servant of the Aton Moved Egypt’s religious capital to Akhetaten After death: 9 year old to the throne: Tutankhaton: restored Egyptian gods: changed name to tutankhamen: “living image of Amon” Ramses II: Ramses the Great: new ruler: time of prosperity 1215 BC: Egypt in decline: losing land to Sea People: invaders from Asia Minor Egyptian society like a pyramid:1 pharaoh, 2 royal family members, priests, and nobles, 3 craftworkers, scribes, and merchants, 4 farmers and unskilled workers, 5 and then there were slaves Slaves: captured in war: could own personal items, hold government jobs, and could earn freedom Egyptians lived in villages, rural areas Egyptian women highly respected: could own property and businesses Education started at early age: children of nobles, mathematics, literature, and writing Boys learned father’s trade Girls learned role of mothers Pyramids, temples, government buildings: made of stone Other buildings made of mud bricks Houses: two or three stories, first floor a shop or business, upper floors living area Some houses build around a courtyard: cook, play, relax: “a back yard” Special area for worshipping favored god Summer: slept on roof to keep cool Building of pyramid stopped: too expensive Egyptian temples: long path of statues of sphinxes, temple gate, courtyard, large hall: “swamp of creation:, hall lined with stone columns, altar at rear of temple Egyptians loved music: dance, lutes, harps Literatue: the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor