Download File

• Topic: Stress & Anxiety
• Aim: How can stress affect a person’s life?
• Do Now: List 5 stressful situations you might find
yourself in. These should be real to your life. Make
your list in ascending order (#1 is the least stressful
situation, #5 is the most).
Stress Discussion:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How would you define stress?
What are some situations that someone your age might
find stressful?
What are some things you personally find stressful?
Thinking back to stages of development, what are some
things/situations people at different life stages (children,
adults, old people) might find stressful?
Do you think certain professions/activities are more
stressful than others
Why do you think our body feels a sense of stress at all?
So what is stress anyhow?
• The anxious or threatening
feelings resulting from our
appraisal of a situation and
our reaction to the demands
of it.
• Distress (negative): anxiety
or pressure that takes a toll
on mind and body
• Eustress (positive): results
from striving and challenging
oneself
• Stressor: a stress-producing event or
situation (examples?)
• Stress Reaction: the body’s response to a
stressor (examples?)
Stress and Illness:
Stress can be adaptive. In a fearful or stresscausing situation, we can run away and save our
lives. Stress can also be maladaptive. If it is
prolonged (chronic stress), it increases our risk of
illness and health problems.
General Reactions to Stress:
• Anxiety: a vague,
generalized apprehension
or feeling of danger
• Anger: the irate reaction
likely to result from
frustration
• Fear: the usual reaction
when a stressor involves
real or imagined danger
Reactions to Stress: Fight or Flight Response
• Physical responses designed
to prepare a person for selfdefense
• Adrenal glands stimulated to
produce hormones that
increase energy
• This adrenaline allows to
body breathe faster and thus
use energy more quickly
• If stress lasts too long, the
body’s resources are used up
The Stress Response System:
Canon proposed that the
stress response (fast) was a
fight-or-flight response
marked by the outpouring
of epinephrine and
norepinephrine from the inner
adrenal glands, increasing
heart and respiration rates,
mobilizing sugar and fat,
and dulling pain.
General Adaptation Syndrome:
EPA/ Yuri Kochetkov/ Landov
Stressed individuals go
through three phases.
Stressful Life Events:
 Chronic Stress by Age
Stress and the Heart:
 Type A Personality:
 Term for
competitive, harddriving, impatient,
verbally aggressive,
and anger-prone
people
 Type B Personality:
 Term for easygoing,
relaxed people
Stress and the Immune System:
During stress, energy is mobilized away from the
immune system making it vulnerable.
Coping with Stress Discussion:
1. What are some ways (healthy or unhealthy) that
people deal with stressful situations?
2. Why do you think some people have better
coping mechanisms (they can deal with stress
better) than others?
3. How well do you personally deal with stress?
4. Do you feel stressed often?
Coping with Stress:
Reducing stress by changing events that cause
stress or by changing how we react to stress is
called problem-focused coping.
OUR SENSE OF CONTOL
IS THE DIFFERNCE!
Emotion-focused coping is when we cannot
change a stressful situation, and we respond by
attending to our own emotional needs.
Explanatory Style:
People with an optimistic (instead of pessimistic)
explanatory style tend to have more control over
stressors, cope better with stressful events, have better
moods, and have a stronger immune system.
Social Support:
Bob Daemmrich/ Stock, Boston
Supportive family members, marriage partners,
and close friends help people cope with stress.
Their immune functioning calms the
cardiovascular system and lowers blood pressure.
Cognitive Reactions to Stress:
• Difficulty in concentrating,
thinking, poor decision making,
feeling burned out, post-traumatic
stress disorder
• Unjustified suspicion or distrust of
others
• These continued stresses can
exacerbate (make worse) existing
mental illnesses, or cause physical
problems.
Behavioral Responses to Stress:
• Nervous habits, smoking,
drinking more, taking drugs,
feeling overly tired for no
reason
• Changes in: attitude, eating,
and grooming habits
• Responses can be positive people risking their lives in a
disaster
Active Coping Strategies:
• Problem Solving: Confronting the
situation head-on to create solutions
• Control: Escaping situations, or
dealing with in a way that makes
them less stressful
Aerobic Exercise:
Many studies suggest
that aerobic exercise
can elevate mood and
well-being because
aerobic exercise raises
energy, increases selfconfidence, and lowers
tension, depression, and
anxiety.
Spirituality & Faith Communities:
Regular religious attendance has been a reliable
predictor of a longer life span with a reduced risk of
dying.
Intervening Factors:
Investigators suggest there are three factors that
connect religious involvement and better health.
Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD):
• Condition in which one has intense fear resulting
from the exposure of severe trauma. Symptoms:
1. sense of a foreshortened future
2. unable to have loving feelings
3. feeling of detachment from others
4. decreased interest or participation in significant
activities
5. lack of ability to recall an important aspect of the
trauma, and / or efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings,
or conversations connected with the trauma in which
they experienced
Are certain people at higher risk?
• Males are at lower risk than females.
• A study shows that overall, women experience
more traumatic events than men, particularly
those events relating to being victims in crimes.
• The majority of men with PTSD were affected
from warfare, and sexual assault probably has
the most impact on women.
• One can develop PTSD at any age, including
childhood.
•We will now watch National
Geographic: Stress - Portrait of a
Killer.
•You are responsible for
completing the assignment that
goes along with it.
• Topic: Stress & Anxiety, and fear
• Aim: How can stress & anxiety impact a person’s
life?
• Do Now: List 5 stressful situations you might find
yourself in. Make your list in ascending order (#1 is
the least stressful situation, #5 is the most).
Anxiety Disorders:
1. Define ‘anxiety’
2. List a situation that
makes you feel
anxious -these could
be personal situations,
situations at work, or
situations at school
Anxiety Disorders - Overview:
• Most common mental disorders in the U.S.
– At least 19% of the adult population suffer from
at least one anxiety disorder in any given year
• All are more common in women, except for OCD
• Except for Panic Disorder, ages of onset are most
likely going to be in childhood or adolescence
• Anxiety Disorders cost $42 billion each year in
health care, lost wages, and lost productivity
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD):
Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not
for at least 6 months, about a number of events. The
person finds it difficult to control the worry
 3 or more of the following symptoms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
Being easily fatigued
Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep Disturbance
Fears:
• What are some
things that you are
afraid of (however
minor or major)
• Why are you afraid
of these things?
Phobic Disorders:
• When severe anxiety
is focused on a
specific object,
animal, activity, or
situation that seems
out of proportion to
the real danger
involved it is called
a phobia.
Anxiety Disorders: Social Phobias
• Social
– Fear public scrutiny and embarrassment
– Most common phobia
• Hypothesized causes
– Extreme shyness in childhood perpetuates social phobia
into adulthood
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Acrophobia: Heights
Gephyrophobia: Bridges
Aerophobia: Flying
Herpetophobia: Reptiles
Agoraphobia: Open spaces
Mikrophobia: Germs
aloud
Ailurophobia: Cats
Murophobia: Mice
Amaxophobia: Vehicles, driving
Numerophobia: Numbers
Anthophobia: Flowers
Aquaphobia: Water
Ophidiophobia: Snakes
Arachnophobia: Spiders
Ornithophobia: Birds
Astraphobia: Lightning
Phonophobia: Speaking
Brontophobia: Thunder
Pyrophobia: Fire
Claustrophobia: Closed spaces
Thanatophobia: Death
Cynophobia: Dogs
Panic Disorders:
• Experience of a sudden attack of intense
anxiety
• People feel intense dread, even that they may
die
• Typically experienced shortly after a stressful
event
Typical Obsessions and Compulsions
1. Doubts (e.g. Did I turn off the stove? Did I lock the
door? Did I hurt someone?)
2. Fears that someone else has been hurt or killed
3. Fears that one has done something criminal
4. Fears that one may accidentally injure someone
5. Worry that one has become dirty or contaminated
6. Blasphemous or obscene thoughts
1. Checking
2. Cleaning/washing
3. Doing things a certain number of times in a row
4. Doing and then undoing things
5. Doing things in a certain order, with symmetry
6. Mental acts such as praying, counting, etc
The Learning Perspective:
John Coletti/ Stock, Boston
Learning theorists suggest that fear
conditioning leads to anxiety. This
anxiety then becomes associated
with other objects or events and is
reinforced.
Investigators believe that fear
responses are inculcated through
observational learning. Young
monkeys develop fear when they
watch other monkeys who are
afraid of snakes.
The Biological Perspective:
Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear
snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear
preserves the species.
Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly
responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are
more likely to share phobias.
Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD
are linked with brain circuits like the anterior
cingulate cortex.
Episode of Obsessed:
• http://www.aetv.com/obsessed/video/?bcti
d=1040983681001&vid=AETV_MRSS_Hu
lu