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Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Mental Disorders Objectives Explain how mental disorders are recognized. Identify four causes of mental disorders. Describe five types of anxiety disorders and four other types of mental disorders. Slide 1 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Quick Quiz Which of the following statements are always true? Which are sometimes true? Which are always false? It is easy to identify a person with a mental disorder. Mental disorders are caused by emotional problems. Mental disorders affect a person’s ability to function. People who have a mental disorder are dangerous. For each of your responses, explain why you gave the answer you did. Switch to QuickTake version of the quiz. Slide 2 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders What are Mental Disorders? A mental disorder is an illness that affects the mind and reduces a person’s ability to function, to adjust to change, or to get along with others. Slide 3 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Recognizing Mental Disorders • Mental health experts see abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors as signs, or symptoms,of a mental disorder. • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one example of a mental disorder. Slide 4 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Slide 5 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Slide 6 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Causes of Mental Disorders Some factors that can cause mental disorders are • physical factors • heredity • early experiences • recent experiences Slide 7 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Causes of Mental Disorders • Physical Factors Damage to the brain may cause a mental disorder. • Heredity A person may inherit a tendency toward a mental disorder. • Early Experiences Extremely negative experiences that occur early in life can lead to mental illness. • Recent Experiences Some mental health experts think that recent experiences are more likely than early experiences to trigger a mental disorder. Slide 8 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety is fear caused by a source you cannot identify or a source that doesn’t pose as much threat as you think. • When the anxiety persists for a long time and interferes with daily living, this is a sign of an anxiety disorder. • In any six-month period nearly ten percent of Americans have an anxiety disorder. Slide 9 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder • A person with this disorder displays intense worry, fears, or anxiety most days for at least six months. Phobias • Anxiety that is related to a specific situation or object is called a phobia. Slide 10 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Slide 11 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Panic Attacks During a panic attack, a person will experience some of the following symptoms. • fast heart rate • choking sensation • rapid breathing • chest discomfort or pain • fear of suffocation • nausea or stomach distress • believes he or she is dying • dizziness or lightheadedness • sweating • fear of losing control • trembling or shaking • an “out of body” sensation Slide 12 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • An unwanted thought or image that takes control of the mind is an obsession. • An obsession may lead to a compulsion, an unreasonable need to behave in a certain way to prevent a feared outcome. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • People who survive a life threatening event may develop post-traumatic stress disorder. • Some symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder are • flashbacks • nightmares • inability to sleep Slide 13 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders For: More on bipolar disorder Click above to go online. Slide 14 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Other Mental Disorders • Some teens and young adults have mood disorders or schizophrenia. • Others have impulse-control disorders or personality disorders. Slide 15 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Mood Disorders • People who have a mood disorder experience extreme emotions that make it difficult to function well in their daily lives. • Depression is an emotional state in which a person feels extremely sad and hopeless. Slide 16 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder identified by serious disturbances in thinking, mood, awareness, and behavior. Impulse-Control Disorders • People with an impulse-control disorder cannot resist the impulse, or drive, to act in a way that is harmful to themselves or to others. • Some examples of impulse-control disorders are • kleptomania (taking items not needed or wanted) • gambling • uncontrolled shopping (buying many unnecessary things) Slide 17 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Personality Disorders People who have a personality disorder display rigid patterns of behavior that make it difficult for them to get along with others. • Group A: People with personality disorders in this group tend to be cold and distant. • Group B: People with personality disorders in this group are often overly emotional or unstable. • Group C: People with personality disorders in this group often cannot make decisions. Slide 18 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Vocabulary mental disorder An illness that affects the mind and reduces a person’s ability to function, to adjust to change, or to get along with others. anxiety Fear caused by a source you cannot identify or a source that doesn’t pose as much threat as you think. anxiety disorder phobia obsession A disorder characterized by anxiety that persists for a long time and interferes with daily living. Anxiety that is related to a specific situation or object. An unwanted thought or image that takes control of the mind. Slide 19 of 21 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Vocabulary compulsion mood disorder depression An unreasonable need to behave in a certain way to prevent a feared outcome. A disorder characterized by extreme emotions. An emotional state in which a person feels extremely sad and hopeless. schizophrenia A disorder characterized by severe disturbances in thinking,mood, awareness, and behavior. personality disorder A mental disorder characterized by rigid patterns of behavior, which make it difficult for a person to get along with others. Slide 20 of 21 Section 4.2 4.1 Mental Disorders Eating Disorders Objectives Identify health risks associated with anorexia. Explain the relationship between bulimia and dieting. List the main health risks of binge eating disorder. Slide 21 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Myth Eating disorders affect only females. Fact Eating disorders affect females more than males, but males do develop eating disorders. Because of this myth males are even less likely than females to seek help for an eating disorder. What factors other than gender might keep someone from seeking help for an eating disorder? Slide 22 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Anorexia Nervosa • An eating disorder is a mental disorder that reveals itself through abnormal behaviors related to food. • A person with anorexia nervosa doesn’t eat enough food to maintain a healthy body weight. Slide 23 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Health Risks • A person with anorexia can starve to death. • In some cases, a lack of essential minerals causes the heart to stop suddenly, leading to death. Slide 24 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Possible Causes • The lack of a chemical that regulates mood is one possible cause of anorexia. • Other possible causes are low self-esteem and a strong desire to please others. Slide 25 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Treatment • Doctors, nurses, and dietitians work together to stop the weight loss and change a person’s eating habits. • At the same time, mental health experts work with the patient and family members to address the underlying emotional problems. Slide 26 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Body Image and Magazines Many teens are not satisfied with the size or shape of their bodies. This dissatisfaction can sometimes lead to an eating disorder. Images in magazines can contribute to the problem. Use this checklist to evaluate the messages that teen magazines send about your body and appearance. Slide 27 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Do the images show a narrow range of body shapes and sizes? Are the females in the images taller and thinner than typical teenage girls? Are the males in the images taller and more muscular than typical teenage boys? Are there stories about people who are dieting, bulking up, or getting a makeover? Does the magazine make you feel dissatisfied with your body? Two or more “Yes” answers reveal how magazines influence readers’ feelings about their own bodies. Slide 28 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Body Image and Magazines Look at a magazine that is aimed at teens. Use the checklist to evaluate the images in the magazine. Then write a paragraph summarizing what you learned. Also describe how looking at the images affected you. Slide 29 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders For: More on eating disorders Click above to go online. Slide 30 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Bulimia People who have bulimia go on uncontrolled eating binges followed by purging, or removing, the food from their bodies. Health Risks Most people with bulimia may suffer from dehydration, kidney damage, and a lack of necessary vitamins and minerals. Possible Causes Bulimia may begin in connection with a diet, but the person soon becomes unable to stop the cycle of binging and purging. Treatment People who have bulimia are aware of what they are doing, but they are unable to control their behavior. Slide 31 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Slide 32 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Binge Eating Disorder • People with binge eating disorder regularly have an uncontrollable urge to eat large amounts of food. • They usually do not purge after a binge. Health Risks Treatment The mainwith physical of disorder binge eating • People bingerisks eating needdisorder help in are excess weight gain and unhealthy dieting. learning how to control their eating. •Possible They often need to address underlying emotional Causes problems. Some people use binge eating to avoid dealing with difficult emotions, such as anger, or with stressful situations. Slide 33 of 15 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Vocabulary eating disorder anorexia nervosa bulimia binge eating disorder A mental disorder that reveals itself through abnormal behaviors related to food. An eating disorder in which a person doesn’t eat enough food to maintain a healthy body weight. An eating disorder in which a person has uncontrolled eating binges followed by purging. An eating disorder in which a person regularly has an uncontrollable urge to eat large amounts of food, but without purging. Slide 34 of 15 Section 4.3 4.1 Mental Disorders Depression and Suicide Objectives Explain why it is important to identify and treat clinical depression. Explain why individuals might deliberately injure themselves. Describe one major risk factor for suicide. Slide 35 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Health Stats What relationship is there between risk of depression and how connected teens feel to their school? What could make someone feel very connected to school? What could make someone feel disconnected? Slide 36 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Clinical Depression • Depression can cause problems at school, at home, and in one’s social life. • If untreated, depression can also lead to substance abuse, serious behavior problems, and even suicide. Defining Depression People with clinical depression may feel sad and hopeless for months. Recognizing Depression A person who has clinical depression will experience four or more of the symptoms nearly every day for at least two weeks. Slide 37 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Slide 38 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Risk Factors • A parent or other close biological relative with a mood disorder • A major life change or a prolonged stressful situation • Being the victim of a violent crime or witnessing violence • A previous bout of depression • A sense of hopelessness Slide 39 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Treatment for Depression • Medication is an effective treatment for clinical depression. • Medication helps to restore normal brain function. Slide 40 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders For: Updates on depression Click above to go online. Slide 41 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Self-Injury • Self-injury is an unhealthy way to cope with emotions, stress, or traumatic events. • Cutting is the use of a sharp object to intentionally cut or scratch one’s body deep enough to bleed. • Burning the skin on purpose with a lighted match or cigarette is another. Slide 42 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Slide 43 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Suicide Prevention • Suicide is the intentional killing of oneself. • Mental health experts have identified factors that put people at risk for suicide. Slide 44 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Risk Factors • Mood disorders, such as depression, are a major risk factor for suicide. • A previous suicide attempt or a family history of suicide • Having both a mental disorder and a substance abuse disorder • Feelings of hopelessness or isolation • Lack of access to mental health treatment • Being influenced by the suicide of family members, peers, or celebrities Slide 45 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Protective Factors People at risk for suicide can reduce their risk by • • • • seeking treatment for any mental disorders seeking treatment for alcohol or drug abuse establishing a connection with school developing closer relationships with family and friends Cluster Suicides Cluster suicides are a series of suicides that occur within a short period of time in the same peer group or community. Slide 46 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Warning Signs • It would be very helpful if someone who was about to attempt suicide showed unmistakable warning signs. • Unfortunately, most suicides occur without warning. Slide 47 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Helping Others • An important thing to remember is that suicidal behavior is a cry for help in dealing with problems that seem overwhelming. • Suicidal people often feel that they have looked to others for support and have received no response. • It is important that you show care and concern for the person. Slide 48 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Helping Yourself • If you have been feeling depressed, remember that no matter how overwhelming the problems in your life may seem, suicide is never a solution. It is vital that you talk about your feelings with a trusted adult or mental health professional. • Consider talking with a family member who lives nearby, an adult friend of the family, or an adult in your faith community. • Crisis centers and suicide-prevention hotlines are other resources you can use. Slide 49 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Slide 50 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Slide 51 of 20 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Vocabulary clinical depression The symptoms of this disorder are feeling sad and hopeless for months, being unable to enjoy activities that were once a source of pleasure, and sometimes being unable to accomplish daily tasks. cutting The use of a sharp object to intentionally cut or scratch one’s body deep enough to bleed. suicide The intentional killing of oneself. cluster suicides A series of suicides that occur within a short period of time in the same peer group or community. Slide 52 of 20 Section 4.4 4.1 Mental Disorders Treating Mental Disorders Objectives List reasons that might prevent a person from seeking help for a mental disorder. Identify four types of mental health professionals. Describe some general types of treatment for mental disorders. Slide 53 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Dear Advice Line, Lately, I spend a lot of time just staring at the ceiling or crying for no reason at all. I haven’t told anyone about my problems. I don’t want to be labeled as “a mental case.” What advice would you give to this person? What would you say about the person’s fear of being labeled? Slide 54 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Locating Community Resources • Sometimes people don’t recognize the signs of a mental disorder. Or they may have been told that, with willpower alone, they can overcome the problem. Or they may not know where to go for help. • The first step toward recovery is recognizing the need for help. Slide 55 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Types of Mental Health Professionals Psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, social workers, and mental health counselors are four types of mental health professionals. Slide 56 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Psychiatrists • A psychiatrist is a physician who can diagnose and treat mental disorders. • A psychiatrist will do a medical exam to rule out physical causes. • Then, he or she will talk with a patient to find out what symptoms the patient has. • A neurologist is a physician who treats physical disorders of the nervous system. Slide 57 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Clinical Psychologists A clinical psychologist is trained to recognize and treat behavior that is not normal. Social Workers A psychiatric social worker helps people with mental disorders and their families to accept and adjust to an illness. Mental Health Counselors Some mental health counselors focus on specific problems or work with specific groups of people. Slide 58 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders For: Updates on mental health Click above to go online. Slide 59 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Kinds of Treatment Three methods used to treat mental disorders are • psychotherapy • drug therapy • hospitalization Slide 60 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Psychotherapy During psychotherapy, a person talks with a therapist. These talks help people understand and overcome their mental disorders. • Insight Therapy This type of therapy helps people better understand the reasons for their behavior. • Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy This type of therapy helps a person to identify situations, objects, or thoughts that trigger abnormal behaviors. • Group Therapy In group therapy, people meet with other people who have similar disorders. Slide 61 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Drug Therapy • Doctors prescribe drugs to treat many mental disorders. • The drugs can relieve symptoms and allow patients to function normally. Slide 62 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Hospitalization Sometimes people with mental disorders need constant attention or are in danger of harming themselves or others. Slide 63 of 14 Section 4.1 Mental Disorders Vocabulary psychiatrist A physician who can diagnose and treat mental disorders. neurologist A physician who treats physical disorders of the nervous system. clinical psychologist A mental health professional who is trained to recognize and treat behavior that is not normal. psychiatric social worker A mental health professional who helps people with mental disorders and their families to accept and adjust to an illness. therapy A treatment method. Slide 64 of 14