Download psychology: making connections

PSYCHOLOGY:
MAKING CONNECTIONS
GREGORY J. FEIST
ERIKA L. ROSENBERG
Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.
Psychological Disorders
Chapter Fifteen
Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.
Preview Questions
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How do we know whether or not
someone’s behavior is disordered?
What causes mental illness?
Should I be concerned about my
roommate, who is tired all the time
and doesn't feel like doing anything?
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Inc.
Preview Questions
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What is the chance that my friend who
has an identical twin sister with bipolar
disorder will also develop this
disorder?
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Inc.
Chapter Preview
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Defining Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Dissociative Disorders
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Inc.
Chapter Preview
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Breaking New Ground: Abuse,
Disorders, and the Dynamic Brain
Personality Disorders
Childhood Disorders
Making Connections in Psychological
Disorders: Creativity and Mental
Health
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Inc.
Defining Psychological
Disorders

Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual
IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR)
– Axis I
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–
–
–
–
Syndromes
Comorbidity
Axis
Axis
Axis
Axis
II
III
IV
V
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Anxiety Disorders
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Generalized Anxiety
Disorder (GAD)

Characterized by a pervasive and
excessive state of anxiety lasting at
least six months
– “Worry warts”
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Panic Disorder With or
Without Agoraphobia
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Panic disorder
– Panic attacks
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Sudden, short period of extreme anxiety
involving physiological and psychological
symptoms and intense fear
– Agoraphobia
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Intense fear of being in places from which
escape might be difficult or in which help
might not be available should a panic attack
occur
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Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)

Triggered by exposure to a
catastrophic or horrifying event that
poses serous harm or threat
– Reexperiencing the trauma
– Avoiding thoughts, feelings, and activities
associated with the trauma
– Increased arousal, irritability, difficulty
sleeping, or exaggerated startle response
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Social Phobia
(Social Anxiety Disorder)
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Pronounced fear of humiliation in the
presence of others
Marked by severe self-consciousness
about appearance or behavior or both
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Specific Phobias
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Characterized by intense fear of
particular objects or situations
Marked by an intense and immediate
fear, even panic, when confronted with
very particular situations or objects
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Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder

Obsession
– Unwanted thought, word, phrase, or
image that persistently and repeatedly
comes into a person’s mind and causes
distress
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Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder

Compulsion
– Repetitive behavior performed in
response to uncontrollable urges or
according to a ritualistic set of rules
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Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder

Impulse-control disorder
– Related to OCD in which a person feels
an intense, repetitive desire to perform
certain behaviors
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Nature and Nurture
Explanations of Anxiety
Disorders
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Diathesis-stress model
– Combination of biological predispositions
(diathesis) plus stress on an abusive
environment
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Mood Disorders
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Depression and Its
Causes
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Major depressive disorder
– Characterized by pervasive low mood,
lack of motivation, low energy, and
feelings of worthlessness and guilt that
last for at least two consecutive weeks
– Dysthymia

Form of depression that is milder that major
depressive disorder
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Depression and Its
Causes
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Combination of
brain chemistry and
life circumstance
– Diathesis-stress
model
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Serotonin gene
Stressful events
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Bipolar Disorder and Its
Causes
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Characterized by substantial mood
fluctuations, a cycling between very
low and very high moods
– Manic episode
– Cyclothymia

Relatively mild form of bipolar disorder
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Bipolar Disorder and Its
Causes
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May be seen in development of fetus
in a woman who abused alcohol
Genetic component
– Neurochemistry of brain

Stress and trauma
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The Bipolar Brain
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Major Symptoms and
Behaviors of Mood Disorders
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Schizophrenia
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Major Symptoms of
Schizophrenia

Positive
– Hallucinations
– Delusional thinking
– Disorganized thought and speech
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Major Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
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Negative
– Non-responsiveness
– Emotional flatness
– Immobility
– Catatonia
– Problems with speech
– Inability to complete tasks
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Major Symptoms of
Schizophrenia

Cognitive
– Problems with working memory
– Attention
– Verbal and visual learning and memory
– Reasoning and problem solving
– Speed of processing
– Disordered speech
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Word salad
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Subtypes of
Schizophrenia
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Paranoid
– preoccupation with delusions and
auditory hallucinations
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Catatonic
– Two of the following:
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Extreme immobility or excessive activity,
peculiar posturing, mutism, or parroting
what other people say
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Subtypes of
Schizophrenia

Disorganized
– Exhibits both disorganized speech and
behavior and flat or inappropriate affect
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Undifferentiated
– General symptoms of delusions,
hallucinations, and disorganized speech
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Nature and Nurture
Explanations of Schizophrenia
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Maternal infections and schizophrenia
– Influenza
– Rubella
– Toxoplasmosis
– Herpes
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Nature and Nurture
Explanations of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia and
the brain
– Abnormal brain
development before
birth
– Dysfunctional
prefrontal cortex
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Nature and Nurture
Explanations of Schizophrenia
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Neurochemistry of schizophrenia
– Dopamine hypothesis
Glutamate deficiencies
 Crucial in
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–
–
–
–
–
Learning
Memory
Neural processing
Brain development
Amplifies certain neural signals
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Dissociative Disorders
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Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID)

Development of at least two distinct
personalities, each with its own
memories, thoughts, behaviors, and
emotions
– “Multiple personality”
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Causes of Dissociative
Disorders

Lived through a highly traumatic
experience
– Sexual or physical abuse
– Survived a terrible accident or natural
disaster in which one was killed
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Breaking New Ground:
Abuse, Disorders, and
the Dynamic Brain
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Inc.
Abuse and Neglect
Change Brains

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)
study
– Abuse and neglect shape long-term
behavior, physical, and psychological
health
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Illness and disease, substance abuse,
aggression and violence, and depression and
schizophrenia were more likely to occur after
being abused
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Personality Disorders
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Odd-Eccentric Personality
Disorders
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Schizoid personality disorder
– Wants a solitary life
– Does not want close relationships
– Emotionally aloof
– Reclusive
– Humorless
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Odd-Eccentric Personality
Disorders
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Schizotypal personality disorder
– Isolated and asocial
– Has very odd thoughts and beliefs
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Might think that stories in the newspaper or
on the news are written directly about them
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Odd-Eccentric Personality
Disorders
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Paranoid personality disorder
– Extremely suspicious and mistrustful of
other people in ways that are both
unwarranted and not adaptive
– Test loyalty of their friends and lovers
– Hold grudges for a long time
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Dramatic-Emotional
Personality Disorders
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Histrionic personality disorder
– Want to be the center of attention
– Dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and
exaggerated behavior
– Emotional
– Intense
– Self-centered
– Shallow in emotions and relationships
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Dramatic-Emotional
Personality Disorders
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Borderline personality disorder
– Out-of-control emotions
– Afraid of being abandoned by others
– Vacillate between idealizing and despising
those who are close to them
– Likely to hurt themselves or suffer from
eating disorders or substance abuse
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Dramatic-Emotional
Personality Disorders
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Narcissistic personality disorder
– Extremely positive and arrogant selfimage
– Attention is self-focused
– Exaggerated sense of self-importance
– Grandiose
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Think they are “God’s gift to humanity”
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Dramatic-Emotional
Personality Disorders
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Antisocial personality disorder
– Impulsive
– Deceptive
– Violent
– Ruthless behavior
– Engage in criminal behavior
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Anxious-Fearful
Personality Disorder
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Avoidant personality disorder
– Afraid of being criticized
– Avoid interacting with others
– Become socially isolated
– Feel inadequate
– Have low self-esteem
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Anxious-Fearful
Personality Disorder
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Dependent personality disorder
– Fear being rejected
– Strong need to be cared for
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Form clingy and dependent relationships with
others
– Feel safe only in relationships but tend to
drive others away, because they are too
demanding
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Anxious-Fearful
Personality Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder
– Very rigid in habits
– Extremely perfectionistic
– More general than obsessive-compulsive
disorder
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Nature and Nurture
Explanations of Personality
Disorders

Focus on antisocial personality
disorder
– Being male
– Being from abusive and neglectful
households
– Having at least one psychological disorder
– Head or brain injury
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Childhood Disorders
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Subtypes of Childhood
Disorders

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
– Inability to focus attention for more than
a few minutes, to remain still and quiet,
to do careful work
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Subtypes of Childhood
Disorders
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Autism
– Characterized by severe language and
social impairment along with repetitive
habits and inward focused behaviors
– Pica
– http://www.autismspeaks.org/whatautism/video-glossary
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Subtypes of Childhood
Disorders
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Asperger’s syndrome
– Impaired social interest and skills and
restricted interests
– Not delayed or deficient in language
– Have above-average intelligence
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Reactive Attachment
Disorder

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ME
2wmFunCjU&feature=related
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Mental Retardation
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“Functional Impairment” in multiple
areas
Lower IQ
– Borderline
– Mild
– Moderate
– Profound
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Oppositional Defiant
Disorder
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Frequent temper tantrums
Excessive arguing with adults
Often questioning rules
Active defiance and refusal to comply with adult requests and
rules
Deliberate attempts to annoy or upset people
Blaming others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior
Often being touchy or easily annoyed by others
Frequent anger and resentment
Mean and hateful talking when upset
Spiteful attitude and revenge seeking
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Treatments for ODD
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Parent Management Training Programs to help parents and
others manage the child’s behavior.
Individual Psychotherapy -more effective anger management.
Family Psychotherapy -improve communication and mutual
understanding.
Cognitive Problem-Solving Skills Training and Therapies to
assist with problem solving and decrease negativity.
Social Skills Training -increase flexibility and improve social
skills and frustration tolerance with peers.
Medication may be helpful in controlling some of the more
distressing symptoms of ODD as well as the symptoms related
to coexistent conditions such as ADHD, anxiety and mood
disorders
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Conduct Disorder

Aggression to people and animals
– bullies, threatens or intimidates others
– often initiates physical fights
– has used a weapon that could cause serious
physical harm to others (e.g. a bat, brick, broken
bottle, knife or gun)
– is physically cruel to people or animals
– steals from a victim while confronting them (e.g.
assault)
– forces someone into sexual activity
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Conduct Disorder

Destruction of Property
– deliberately engaged in fire setting with the
intention to cause damage
– deliberately destroys other's property

Deceitfulness, lying, or stealing
– has broken into someone else's building, house,
or car
– lies to obtain goods, or favors or to avoid
obligations
– steals items without confronting a victim (e.g.
shoplifting, but without breaking and entering)
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Conduct Disorder
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Serious violations of rules
often stays out at night despite
parental objections
runs away from home
often truant from school
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Conduct Disorder
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They are often viewed by other children,
adults and social agencies as "bad" or
delinquent, rather than mentally ill.
Many factors may contribute to a child
developing conduct disorder, including brain
damage, child abuse, genetic vulnerability,
school failure, and traumatic life
experiences.
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Conduct Disorder
Treatment
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Can be complex and challenging.
Can be provided in a variety of different settings depending on the severity of
the behaviors.
Adding to the challenge of treatment are the child's uncooperative attitude,
fear and distrust of adults.
Behavior therapy and psychotherapy are usually necessary to help the child
appropriately express and control anger.
Special education may be needed for youngsters with learning disabilities.
Parents often need expert assistance in devising and carrying out special
management and educational programs in the home and at school.
Treatment may also include medication in some youngsters, such as those
withdifficulty paying attention, impulse problems, or those with depression.
Treatment is rarely brief since establishing new attitudes and behavior
patterns takes time. However, early treatment offers a child a better chance
for considerable improvement and hope for a more successful future.
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Causes of Childhood
Disorders
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
Stem from genetic factors but often
remain latent unless triggered by
some environmental condition
In ADHD, brain has low levels of
activation
In autism, brain growth is much faster
in the first few years of life
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Making Connections in
Psychological Disorders:
Creativity and Mental
Health
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Inc.
Psychotic Symptoms and
Creativity

Creativity and
psychological disorders
are related, especially
in the arts
– Some disorders occur at
higher rates in creative
artists than in members
of other professions and
in the general
population
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