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Female felons in America Based on research by Warren, J., Hurt, S., Loper, A., Bale, R., Friend, R., & Chauhan, P. (2002) Psychopathy in female prison populations • Psychopathology: Symptoms that cause mental, emotional, and/or physical pain. • Research confirms that more females in prison suffer from higher rates of psychopathy than their male counterparts. Mental health issues among females incarcerated Most common diagnoses: Substance Abuse/Dependence (70%) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (34%) Severe disorders (19%) Includes: Schizophrenia, Mania & Major Depression Definitions (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004) • Substance use: Recurrent substance use leads to significant harmful consequences • Substance Dependence: Substance use leads to physiological dependence or significant impairment or distress • PTSD: anxiety disorder characterized by repeated mental images of experiencing traumatic event, emotional numbing, and hyper vigilance • Schizophrenia: disorder consisting of unreal or disorganized thoughts and perceptions. Includes verbal, cognitive and behavioral deficits • Mania: State of persistently elevated mood, feelings of grandiosity, over enthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid speech and impulsive actions • Major Depression: Disorder involving a sad mood, plus four or more of the following: weight loss, insomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, severe guilt, trouble concentrating, suicidal ideation. Symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD): • Pervasive pattern of criminal, impulsive, callous, and/or ruthless behavior. • Disregard for the rights of others and an absence of respect for social norms. • Use to be referred to as “psychopath” Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) • Rapidly shifting and unstable mood, selfconcept, and interpersonal relationships • Impulsive behavior and transient dissociative states • Includes out-of-control emotions that cannot be smoothed, a hypersensitivity to other people, and history of hurting oneself Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) • Rapidly shifting moods • Unstable relationships • Intense need for attention and approval Often use overly dramatic behavior, seductiveness and dependence • Several studies have documented that many female prisoners suffer from Personality Disorders • APD and BPD are the two most common types identified in females incarcerated Hypothesis for high levels of mental illness in female prisoners • Severe forms of early abuse and neglect common to many incarcerated women lead to psychiatric disorders • Intergeneral transmission • Typical behaviors seen in APD & BPD can lead to arrest and imprisonment of females Racial issues? • Psychiatric distress is seen more in White inmates • Suggests the most deviant White women are incarcerated while African American women are imprisoned for less serious behavior History of victimization • Recognized that over half of all females incarcerated are victims of physical and sexual abuse • Females who have a history of victimization are more likely to be at risk for adult substance dependence than male counterparts Repeat victimization • Several studies have shown connection between childhood victimization and experiencing violence in adulthood Hypothesis – Modeling by parents – Exposure to deviant peer and community influences – PTSD – Internalizing self as a victimized person – Reenactment of childhood events as adult (Either as victim or aggressor) Violent Fems • Research collected worldwide confirms women commit far fewer violent crimes than men • Women tend to be violent towards own family members. • Occurs usually in the home, while on medication Violent Fems (continued) • The wounds females inflict are less serious than those by male counterparts • Women are less likely to be arrested than male counterparts • APD and violent behavior has been documented well documented in men • Research between APD and violent behavior in women is in early stages Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) • Used to assess various Axis I psychopathology • Nine subscales: Somatization, obsessivecompulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation Prison Violence Inventory (PVI) • Used to measure the amount of violence that each inmate has both experienced and perpetrated in prison The sample • 48% were 32 years old or younger • 3% over 50 years of age • 61% minority • 51% graduated from high school • 79% had at least one child The sample (cont.) • 33% had previously been incarcerated • • • • • 21% in for a violent offense 8% in for a “potentially violent offense” 1% in for a sex crime 28% in for drugs 39% in for property offense The sample (cont.) • Over 50% screened positive for a Personality Disorder • More younger women (< 32) had a Personality Disorder than their older cohorts The sample (cont.) • 55% reported being victims of sexual abuse before 18 years old • 39% reported experiencing physical abuse before age 18 • Younger, non minority women reported higher levels of victimization High violence group • Reported two or more violent incidents • N=73 • Age level and a positive screen for APD significantly increased the likelihood of being in the high violence group Minority women • 15-20% of United States population • However, over 60% of women in prison are minorities • Stringent drug sentencing accounts for a large part of this difference Killers • Majority of humans who murder do not suffer are not antisocial or psychopathic • Killers have the lowest recidivism rates Predicting prison violence • • • • • Age Minority status High scores on BSI Global Severity Index APD or HPD Sexual victimization before age of 18