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Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
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ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What is Psychological
Disorder?
The medical model takes a
“disease” view, while
psychology sees
psychological disorder as an
interaction of biological,
cognitive, social, and
behavioral factors
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What is Psychological
Disorder?
Psychopathology –
Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or
thoughts inappropriate to the situation
and leading to personal distress or the
inability to achieve important goals
Synonymous terms include:
Mental illness
Mental disorder
Psychological disorder
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What is Psychological
Disorder?
Three classic signs suggest severe
psychological disorder
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Severe affective disturbances
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Indicators of Abnormality
Other signs of a disorder are more subtle,
and a diagnosis depends heavily on
clinical judgment
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
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Changing Concepts of
Psychological Disorder:
The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Behavioral perspective –
Abnormal behaviors can be acquired
through behavioral learning – operant
and classical conditioning
Cognitive perspective –
Abnormal behaviors are influenced by
mental processes – how people perceive
themselves and their relations with others
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The Biopsychology of Mental Disorder
Although most psychologists have
reservations about the medical model,
the do not deny the influence of biology
on thought and behavior
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How are Psychological
Disorders Classified?
The most widely used
system, found in the DSMIV, classifies disorders by
their mental and behavioral
symptoms
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Overview of DSM-IV
Classification System
DSM-IV –
Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders;
the most widely accepted classification
system in the United States
Neurotic disorder or neurosis
Psychotic disorder or psychosis
In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look
at the entire person, not just their
“abnormal” behavior
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Mood Disorders
Major depression –
Form of depression that does not
alternate with mania
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) –
Believed to be caused by deprivation of
sunlight
Bipolar disorder –
Mental abnormality involving swings of
mood from mania to depression
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Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder –
Characterized by persistent and
pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any
external cause
Panic disorder –
Marked by panic attacks that have no
connection to events in a person’s
present experience
Agoraphobia –
Fear of public places/open spaces
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Anxiety Disorders
Phobias–
A group of anxiety disorders involving a
pathological fear of a specific object or
situation
Preparedness hypothesis –
Notion that we have an innate tendency,
acquired through natural selection, to
respond quickly and automatically to
stimuli that posed a survival threat to our
ancestors
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Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder –
Condition characterized by patterns of
persistent, unwanted thoughts and
behaviors
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Somatoform Disorders
Somatoform disorders –
Psychological problems appearing in the
form of bodily symptoms or physical
complaints
Conversion disorder –
Somatoform disorder marked by
paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation,
but with no discernable physical cause
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Somatoform Disorders
Glove Anesthesia
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Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis –
Somatoform disorder involving excessive
concern about health and disease
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders –
Group of pathologies involving
“fragmentation” of the personality
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative
fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
A psychologically
induced loss of
memory for
personal
information
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
amnesia with the
addition of “flight”
from one’s home,
family, and job
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
Abnormality involving
the sensation of
mind and body
having separated
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
Condition in which the
individual displays
multiple identities
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa –
Eating disorder involving persistent loss
of appetite that endangers an individual’s
health – stemming from psychological
reasons rather than organic causes
Bulimia –
Eating disorder characterized be eating
binges followed by “purges,” induced by
vomiting or laxatives; typical initiated as a
weight-control measure
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Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia –
Psychotic disorder involving distortions in
thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual
Positive
Negative
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Features incoherent
speech,
hallucinations,
delusions, and
bizarre behavior
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Involves stupor or
extreme excitement
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Prominent feature:
combination of
delusions and
hallucinations
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Persons displaying a
combination of
symptoms that do not
clearly fit in one of the
other categories
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Individuals who have
had a past episode of
schizophrenia but are
free of symptoms
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia
Any form in which the
person displays
active symptoms
(e.g. delusions,
hallucinations)
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia
Any form distinguished
by deficits, such as
withdrawal and
poverty of thought
processes
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Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia
has been found in a variety of factors
including genetics, abnormal brain
structure, and biochemistry
Diathesis-stress hypothesis –
Genetic factors place the individual at
risk, but environmental stress factors
transform this potential into an actual
schizophrenic disorder
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Personality Disorders
Personality disorders –
Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive,
inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of
thinking, emotion, social relationships, or
impulse control
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Personality Disorders
Narcissistic personality disorder –
Characterized by a grandiose sense of
self-importance, a preoccupation with
fantasies of success and power, and a
need for constant attention
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder –
Characterized by a long-standing pattern
of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack
of conscience and a diminished sense of
responsibility to others
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Personality Disorders
Borderline personality disorder –
An unstable personality given to
impulsive behavior
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Adjustment Disorders and Other
Conditions That May Be a Focus
of Clinical Attention
Mild depression
Physical
complaints
Parent-child
problems
Bereavement
Marital
problems
Academic
problems
Job problems
Malingering
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Developmental Disorders
Autism –
A developmental disorder marked by
disabilities in language, social interaction,
and the ability to understand another
person’s state of mind
Dyslexia –
A reading disability, thought by some
experts to involve a brain disorder
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Developmental Disorders
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder –
A developmental disability involving short
attention span, distractibility, and extreme
difficulty in remaining inactive for any
period
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Shyness
Shyness, a distressing pattern of avoiding
or withdrawing from social contact is
treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder
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What are the Consequences
of Labeling People?
Ideally, accurate diagnoses
lead to proper treatments, but
diagnoses may also become
labels that depersonalize
individuals and ignore the
social and cultural contexts in
which their problems arise
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The Plea of Insanity
Insanity –
A legal term, not a psychological or
psychiatric one, referring to a person who
is unable, because of a mental disorder
or defect, to confirm his or her behavior
to the law
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End of Chapter 12
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007