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The Endocrine System Human A & P J. Allen Introduction *The Endocrine System produces ____________ & delivers them to cells throughout the body *Hormones are chemical ____________ which cause changes in activities which help maintain _____________ -Maintain body function such as blood ___________, _____________, and biological clocks – Regulate growth & development – Influence _______________processes Hormone background 101 Endocrine glands are __________that secrete hormones which can: – act on neighboring cells (_________ hormones) EX) histamine released in bronchioles – Travel via the ____________to distant cells (____________hormones) **Most are circulating These cells are called __________cells, as they contain proteins which “recognize” the hormone and allow it to come inside the cell. Hormone Background 101 (cont.) Two Main Classes Fat soluble– Hormone circulates through bloodstream – Releases hormone into __________fluid – Hormone diffuses into target cell – Alters gene function, so that new proteins are produced – New proteins produce the desired response Hormone Background 101 (cont) 2 main classes (cont) Water soluble Hormone circulates through bloodstream Released into interstitial fluid nd __________acts as a 2 messenger, because the hormone does not diffuse into the target cell cAMP activates enzymes which produce the desired response Feedback Systems and Hormones Hormone secretions occur in _________bursts and most work by ____________feedback. Ex) If blood sugar level gets too high, insulin is released by pancreas to decrease b.s.l. However, the act of childbirth works by positive feedback. Q) Why? A) A hormone called __________stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth. Do we want to stop those contractions if it is time? JUST ASK HER Location of Endocrine Organs/Glands Anterior Pituitary Hormones Diseases/Disorders of Anterior Pituitary Hormones hGH Hypersecretion before puberty causes ______________ (Robert Wadlow) After puberty causes____________ ____ Hyposecretion Causes ___________ Diseases/Disorders of Anterior Pituitary Hormones Hyposecretion of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Underdevelopment of male _____ ___________. Lack of secretion of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone May cause _____________ Posterior Pituitary Hormones Oxytocin (OT) Stimulates uterine contractions during ____________. Stimulates milk ejection during nursing Posterior Pituitary Hormones Antidiuretic Hormone (_____) Aka _______________ Decreases _________ lost in urine by returning it to the blood via the ________ Diseases Hyposecretion Diabetes_____________— causes people to lose too much water . Can urinate up to 30 L per day. Normal urine output= __________per day The Pineal Gland Secretes Melatonin Regulates sleep patterns Darkness triggers its secretion Disorders SAD-___________ _________ _________ Treated with ________ therapy Thyroid Gland Hormones Triiodothyronine (__) and Thyroxine (__) Involved in regulating BMR or _________ __________ ___________, aka resting metabolism. Physical growth and development of ____________ System Thyroid needs _________ to function properly Thyroid gland hormones Calcitonin (___) Decreases blood Calcium levels by inhibiting ____________ activity in bones (recall, they break down bone) Thyroid Disorders/Diseases Hypersecretion of T3, T4 Grave’s disease Symptom—exopthalmos, or __________ _____ Goiter Hyposecretion Congenital Hypothyroidism—aka Cretinism (childhood)— nervous system under develops, They now check for this in newborns. If left untreated, what do you think could happen? Myxedema (adults) facial swelling Goiter Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone (____) Increase blood Calcium levels by ___________osteoclast activity in bones Ride piggy back on the _________gland DISORDERS/DISEASES Hyposecretion Tetany—muscle twitches and spasms, usually of the hands and feet, caused by _________________ deficiency. Adrenal Cortex Hormones • Steroid Hormones • Mineralcorticoids • Aldosterone—helps maintain __________ & _____________ concentrations within the blood. − In short, maintains __________water balance. − ______________sodium reabsorption back into blood – Crucial in maintaining _________ pressure, because excess __________________ causes hypertension Q) Why? A) Osmosis − ______________potassium reabsorption back into blood Disorders/Diseases Hyposecretion of Aldosterone – Addison’s Disease Very rare disease, caused by the autoimmune destruction of the Adrenal Glands. – High levels of ____________ and _____________ In the blood, craving for ______________due to excessive sodium loss, low ___________ ____________ Also, abnormal darkening of the skin due to elevated ACTH levels and no cortisol production Adrenal Cortex Hormones Glucocorticoids Gluco—Glucose Corti—Cortex Stimulates secretion of _____________,the main stress hormone which: 1. Increases breakdown of protein and fat to form _________ in the liver 2. Acts as an antiinflammatory for damaged tissues during stressors such as hemorrhage, injury. Disorders/Diseases − − Hypersecretion − Cushing’s Syndrome − Symptoms include fat around the neck, acne, weight gain in the upper body Disorders/Diseases Review Adrenal Cortex Hormones ► Androgens Growth and Development of male sex organs In male sex drive and performance Vocal cord enlargement spermatogenesis They also help to keep up sexual function in both women and men. In women, most of them are changed into ____________ by fat and muscle cells. After _______________, when the ovaries no longer make estrogen, this is the main source of estrogen made in the body. Hypersecretion can cause a “manly” woman. (p. 377, A & T) Adrenal Medulla Hormones ► Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Fight or Flight Hormones, aka ______________ ►Increase blood flow to __________ ►Increases ___________rate ►Dilates the _______________in the lungs so more __________can be absorbed by blood ►Redirects blood away from the skin, digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs to the muscles, brain, and cardiovascular system Pancreatic Hormones Insulin Released to decrease blood _________level by moving it into cells to be used for energy Produced by the ______ cells in the Islet of Langerhans of the pancreas HYPERSECRETION Causes hypoglycemia, aka low ___________ _______ People can get cranky due to lack of glucose to feed _________ function Can lead to insulin _________ Hypersecretion of Insulin Type I Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) Must take insulin _________or have an insulin _________. Cells which produce insulin (______cells of the pancreas) have been destroyed or never fully developed If muscle cells have insufficient glucose, _____ cells are broken down If this keeps up, ketoacidosis results (decreases ____of blood), and death may occur Hypersecretion of Insulin Type II Diabetes (NIDDM) Can be controlled by _______ & __________. Caused by damage to receptors on target cells No longer allow sugar to diffuse into the cells Now considered a big health problem in the US. Pancreatic Hormones Glucagon Background: glucose is stored in the ________ as _______________ and in the skeletal muscles. In an emergency situation, the body converts glycogen in the liver to glucose by secreting ______________from the pancreas Increases blood _________level Gonadotrophic Hormones Estrogen & Progesterone Secreted by ovaries (female gonads) Regulate ___________ _______, pregnancy, and female sex characteristics Relaxin Causes dilation of __________ and relaxation of back muscles during labor Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Secreted by ___________ during pregnancy, which is where the fetus attaches to the mother Pregnancy test hormone, can be detected as early as the ____ day of pregnancy _________ ___________ hormone as well Causes __________ _______to grow and maintain itself during pregnancy Peaks during the 9th week Gonadotrophic Hormones Testosterone Secreted by __________ (male gonads) • Stimulates ______________ • Involved in secondary male sex characteristics Body hair, deep voice, broad shoulders, etc Read p. 323, Anabolic Steroids • List 5 reasons people should not take Anabolic Steroids Thymus Gland • Secretes _________ (TH) – Promotes the development of T-cells, which are WBC’s that fight foreign invaders – Why did I choose this background for the slide?