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1. What is the Endocrine
System?
A collection of glands
that secrete hormones.
2. What is a Hormone?
A chemical messenger,
secreted by glands, that
move slowly through the
body as it rides the blood
stream.
3. List the five major
processes controlled by
the endocrine system:
a- REPRODUCTION
b- GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
c- MOBILIZING THE
BODY’S DEFENSES
AGAINST STRESSORS.
d- MAINTAINING
ELECTROLYTE,
WATER, AND
NUTRIENT BALANCE
IN THE BLOOD.
e- REGULATING
CELLULAR
METABOLISM AND
ENERGY BALANCE
4. IDENTIFY THE
THREE
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF HORMONES:
LIST:
Amino acid based
molecules
Identify:
Proteins, Peptides, and
Amines
List:
Steroids
Identify:
Made from cholesterol,
includes sex hormone
and adrenaline
List:
Prostaglandins
Identify:
Local hormones made from
highly active lipids found in
the cell’s plasma membrane.
Includes signaling molecules
between adjacent cells.
5. What are Target
Cells?
Specific cells or target
organs that will respond
to the hormones.
6. How does a hormone
recognize its target cells
from the other cells it
comes in contact with?
The target cells will have
special protein receptors
on its plasma membrane
that it can bind with.
7. List four possible
changes that may be
brought about by a
hormone:
a- Changes in plasma
membrane permeability
or electrical state.
b- Synthesis of proteins
or enzymes within the
cell.
c- Activation or
inactivation of enzymes
d- Stimulation of mitosis
8. Differentiate the two
mechanisms used b
hormones to cause
change:
Steroid hormones
Diffuses into the cell’s
nucleus, binds to the DNA and
causes the formation of new
proteins that have new
properties.
Non – Steroid hormones
“Proteins & Peptide
Hormones.
1. These hormones bind to
receptors on the cell
membrane of the target cells.
Non – Steroid hormones
“Proteins & Peptide
Hormones.
Creates an internal enzyme that
cause the desired change within
the cell.
9. What is the chief
means of controlling the
hormone level in the
blood:
NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
The excess product shuts down
production until more is
needed.
10. Differentiate three
ways that endocrine
glands are stimulated to
release their hormones:
a- Hormonal stimulation
One hormone turns on
another hormone which
triggers another hormone.
b- Humoral stimulation
Low calcium levels in the blood
cause the release of PTH which
causes osteoclast in the bone to
release Calcium into the blood
stream.
c- Neural Stimulation
The nervous system sends
an efferent message to the
gland causing it to secrete
its hormones.
11. Label the major
endocrine organs of the
body:
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testes (male)
12. Complete the
following chart of major
endocrine glands, their
hormones, and actions:
Pineal gland
Hormone released:
MELATONIN
Action of the Hormone:
Involved in rhythmic
activities( daily and
seasonal)
HYPOTHALAMUS
Hormone released:
Control
Hormones”
“
Action of the hormones:
Regulate the activities of
the Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
8
Name of Hormone:
OXYTOCIN
Action of oxytocin:
Stimulate contraction of
uterus and the milk “let
down” reflex.
Hormone released:
Antidiuretic
hormone
Action of the Antidiuretic
hormone:
Promotes retention of
water by the kidney.
Hormone released:
GROWTH
HORMONE
Function of the growth
hormone:
Stimulates growth of
bones and muscles, and
metabolism.
Hormone released:
Prolactin
Function of the prolactin:
Stimulate milk
production.
Hormone released:
Follicle
stimulating
hormone: (FSH)
Function of the FSH:
Stimulates the production
of sperm and eggs.
Hormone released:
Luteinizing
hormone
(LH)
Function of LH:
Stimulates the
development of the
ovaries and testes
Name of the hormone:
Thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH)
Function of the TSH:
Stimulates the thyroid
gland
Hormone produced:
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone: (ACTH)
Function of the ACTH:
Stimulates adrenal cortex
to secrete glucocorticoids
Thyroid
gland
2
Hormone released:
a-
Thyroxin
Function of the thyroxin:
Stimulates metabolism
Hormone released:
b-
Calcitonin
Function of the
Calcitonin:
Reduces blood calcium
levels.
13. A continuation of
12.
Parathyroid
gland
Hormone released:
Parathyroid
hormone
Function of the
parathyroid hormone:
Raises blood calcium
levels.
Thymus
gland
Hormone released:
Thymosin
Function of the thymosin:
Programs “T” cells in the
immune system.
Adrenal
glands
3
Hormone released:
a-
Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Function of the epinephrine
and norepinephrine:
Increases blood glucose;
increase rate of metabolism;
constricts certain blood
vessels.
Hormone released:
b-
glucocorticoids
Function of the
glucocorticoids:
Increases blood glucose
levels.
Hormone released:
Mineralocorticoids
Function of the
mineralocorticoids:
Promotes reabsorption of
+
Na and the excretion of
+
K in the kidneys.
Pancreas
2
Hormone released:
Insulin
Function of the insulin:
Reduces blood glucose
levels.
Hormone released:
Glucagon
Function of the Glucagon:
“Raises blood glucose
levels”
Testes
Hormone released:
Testosterone
Function of the
testosterone:
Male sex hormone,
creates secondary male
characteristics, and causes
the formation of sperm.
Ovaries
Hormone released:
Estrogen
Function of estrogen:
Stimulates uterine lining
growth; development and
maintenance of female
secondary sexual
characteristics.
14. Complete the
following chart regarding
hormones that are
produced by ORGANS
other than the major
endocrine organs.
Source:
Plasma membrane
of all body cells.
Hormone :
Prostaglandin
Action taken by
prostaglandin:
Acts locally at the site of
release.
-Signaling hormones.
-Maintenance hormones.
Source:
Stomach
Hormone:
Gastrin
Action taken by gastrin:
Stimulates glands to
release hydrochloric acid
in the stomach.
Source:
Duodenum of the
Small intestine
3
Hormone:
a-
Intestinal
gastrin
Function of the intestinal
gastrin:
Inhibits HCL secretion
and stimulates
gastrointestinal tract
mobility.
Hormone :
b-
Secretin
Function of the secretin(3)
1. Stimulates release of
bicarbonate – rich juice
from pancreas.
2. Increases release of bile
from the liver.
3. Inhibits secretory
activity in the stomach.
Hormone:
Cholecystokinin
Function of the
Cholecystokinin: (3)
1- Stimulate the release of
pancreatic enzymes.
2- Causes the gall bladder
to release its bile.
3- Causes sphincters to
relax so that the enzymes
and bile can enter the
small intestine.
Source:
Kidney
2
Hormone:
Erythropoientin
Function of
erythropoientin:
Stimulate production of
red blood cells in the bone
marrow.
Hormone:
Vitamin “D”
Function of the
vitamin”D”:
Stimulates active transport
of dietary calcium across
intestinal cell membranes.
Source:
HEART
Hormone released by the
heart:
Atrial
Natriuretic
peptide
Function of the atrial
natriuretic peptide:
“Inhibits sodium
absorption in the kidney”
15. Complete the
following chart regarding
diseases of the endocrine
system:
Name of the disease:
Dwarfism
Cause of dwarfism:
Lack of growth hormone
during childhood.
Symptoms of dwarfism:
Body proportions normal,
but is a miniature person
usually about 4 feet tall.
Name of the disease:
GIANTISM
Cause of giantism:
Too much growth
hormone DURING
CHILDHOOD.
Symptoms of giantism:
Body proportions normal,
but may reach 8 to 9 feet
tall.
Name of the disease:
Acromegaly
Cause of agromegaly:
Growth hormone
continues to be secreted
after puberty.
Symptoms of agromegaly:
Course malformed facial
features as the lower jaw
and ridges under the
eyebrows get huge.
Hands and feet get huge.
Name of disease:
Multiple
Ovulation
Cause of multiple
ovulation:
Medication used to cause
the release of an over
abundance of
gonadotropic hormones.
Symptoms:
Causes the release of more than
one egg during ovulation,
results of this is multiple
fertilization, causing many
babies to attempt development
within the uterus.
Name of the disease:
Goiter
Causes of Goiter:
Lack of iodine in our
diet.
Symptoms of Goiter:
Causes the thyroid gland
to enlarge, creating a huge
growth in the neck.
Name of the disease:
Tetany
Causes of tetany:
Blood calcium levels
become dangerously low.
Pops note!
Notice the similarity
between tetany and
tetanus.
Symptoms of tetany:
Neurons become very irritable
and overactive. They deliver
impulses to the muscles at such
a rapid rate that the muscles go
into uncontrollable spasms.
May be fatal.
Name of the disease:
Cushing’s
syndrome
Causes of Cushing’s
syndrome.
Brain tumor causes an
over production of
glucocorticoids.
Symptoms of cushing’s
syndrome: (4)
1- A moon face
2- The appearance of a “buffalo
lump” of fat on the upper back.
3- High blood pressure
4- hyperglycemia and
possible diabetes.
Name of the disease:
Diabetes mellitus
Cause of diabetes
mellitus:
“under production of
insulin”
Symptoms of diabetes
mellitus:
Starvation, as the body
cells can no longer accept
sugar from the blood
stream.
16. Melatonin
What is it?
A regulatory hormone
secreted by the pineal
gland.
How does it affect sleep?
Melatonin is the sleep
trigger. It causes you to
go to sleep.
How does it affect a
person’s mood?
It puts you in a drowsy,
possibly depressed mood.
Why do we need to make
sure that we get a steady
supply of fresh sunshine?
Bright light, especailly the
full spectrum of the sun,
turns off the production of
melatonin. This will cause
your mood to improve
dramatically.
What is the relationship
between melatonin
production and aging?
Melatonin is the most
powerful anti-oxidant
produced by the body. A
steady supply of
melatonin, tends to slow
down the aging process.
What is the relationship
between melatonin and
the immune system?
Melatonin causes sleep.
During your sleep cycles, your
immune system is recharged!
Melatonin is a great thing when
it comes to helping you sleep,
therefore, improving your
immune system.