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Mr. Nichols HUMAN HISTOLOGY Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Four major tissue categories by function Nervous tissue (for communication) Muscle tissue (for contraction) Epithelial tissue (to cover organs or line hollows) Connective tissue (between other tissues, or strength) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 24 specific tissue types. How many in each category? Are any familiar? NERVOUS TISSSUE Nervous Tissue MUSCLE TISSUES Cardiac MT Skeletal MT Smooth MT EPITHELIAL TISSUES Simple squamous ET Simple cuboidal ET Simple columnar ET Pseudostratified columnar ET Stratified squamous ET Stratified cuboidal ET *Stratified columnar ET Transitional ET CONNECTIVE TISSUES Areolar CT Adipose CT Blood CT Dense Irregular CT Dense Regular CT Elastic CT Elastic Cartilage CT Fibrocartilage CT Hyaline Cartilage CT Osseous CT, compact Osseous CT, spongy Reticular CT MT= MUSCLE TISSUE ET= EPITHELIAL TISSUE CT= CONNECTIVE TISSUE NT= NERVOUS TISSUE *very uncommon, no images shown in class Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. How do you name the Epithelial tissues? 1. Ask “How many layers does it have”? Apical surface Basal surface Simple Apical surface Basal surface Stratified (a) Classification based on number of cell layers. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.2a How do you name the Epithelial tissues? 2. Ask “What are the shapes of the cells”? Squamous Cuboidal transitional Columnar Figure 4.2b (b) Classification based on cell shape. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Put the two names together into Epithelial Tissues (8 kinds) • Simple squamous ET • Simple cuboidal ET • Simple columnar ET Simple arrangement of cells • Pseudostratified columnar ET • Stratified squamous ET • Stratified cuboidal ET • Stratified columnar ET • Transitional ET Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Stratified arrangement of cells Overview of Epithelial Tissues • For each of the following types of epithelia, you must learn • To recognize the tissue • Full tissue name • Cell names • Locations in the body • Functions in the body Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE Description: Single layer of flattened cells Air sacs of lung tissue Function: Thinness of cells allows dffusion of particles through the cells. Cells covering organs secrete a slippery fluid Nuclei of squamous epithelial cells Location: air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, lining blood vessels, lining body cavity (serosae). Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium forming part of the alveolar (air sac) walls (125x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3a • Location here: lining air pockets in lungs • Other places: lining blood vessels, covering organs or lining cavities in the body. • Cells: squamous epithelial cells • Function: a thin cell for gas diffusion, a slippery smooth surface • LOOK FOR: a very thin layer of cells covering or lining something. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE Description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. cuboidal epithelial cell Function: Secretion and Absorption (such a when making urine. urine Basement membrane Location: ex. Kidney TUBES Surrounding urine. Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules (430x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3b (b) SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE Description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelial cells Function: Secretion and Absorption (such a when making THYOID HORMONE. Location: covering ball of Thyroid hormone in thyroid gland Basement membrane Thyroid hormone Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules (430x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3b Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue, wraps the thyroid hormone into small bags in the thyroid gland Analogy: As if shapes on the Soccer balls were cells, and inside the ball is thyroid hormone Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. • Locations : forming ducts in kidney and of forming follicles (bags) of thyroid hormone. • Cells: cuboidal epithelial cells • Function: • Absorbs and secretes fluids • LOOK FOR: a single layer of cube shaped cells making up part of an organ. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (c) SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE Description: Single layer of tall cells Most have microvilli. Some cells may release mucous (Goblet cells). Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; food Simple columnar epithelial cell Location: lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; Basement membrane Photomicrograph: Simple columnar epithelium of the stomach mucosa (860X). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3c • Location here: lines intestine • Cells: columnar epithelial cells, (and goblet cells) • Function: absorbs nutrients (goblet cells release mucous) • Specializations: microvilli • LOOK FOR: a single layer of column shaped cells on a wavy surface. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (d) PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucussecreting cells and bear cilia. Cilia Mucus of mucous cell Pseudostratified epithelial layer Function: Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action. Location: ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. Trachea Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (570x). Basement membrane Figure 4.3d Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue • Location: lines trachea (windpipe) • Cells: columnar epithelial cells, (and goblet cells) • Function: move mucous up throat with cilia (goblet cells make mucous) • Cell specializations: cilia • LOOK FOR: what looks like a double layer of column shaped cells with a fringed edge. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (e) NON KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; Of a variety of shapes. Top layer Of cells are SQUAMOUS. Stratified squamous epithelium Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Nuclei Location: Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; Basement membrane Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium lining the esophagus (285x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3e (e) KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; Of a variety of shapes. Top layer Of cells are SQUAMOUS. WITH LAYER OF EXFOLIATING SKIN. Stratified squamous epithelium Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Location: keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium lining the esophagus (285x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3e • Location here: lining esophagus • Function: covering and lining entrances to body to resist pathogens and abrasion • Cells: squamous epithelial cells • Specializations: desmosomes, tight junctions, keratin • LOOK FOR: many layers of cells Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue Sweat gland Cuboidal epithelial cells Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue • Location here: forming sweat glands in skin • Function: secretes sweat onto skin surface • Cells: cuboidal epithelial cells (blue cubes) arranged in circle they become a sweat gland. (red circle) • LOOK FOR: the round sweat glands with more than one layer of cube shaped cells. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Stratified Columnar epithelial tissue • Cells: columnar epithelial cells • Location: lining pharynx, male urethra • NO IMAGE Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (f) TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE Description: Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch. Transitional epithelium Function: Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. Location: Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Basement membrane Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder, relaxed state (360X); note the bulbous, or rounded, appearance of the cells at the surface; these cells flatten and become elongated when the bladder is filled with urine. Figure 4.3f • Location here: lining bladder • Function: allows stretching, cells slide over each other as bladder expands, then slide back into place as bladder empties • Cells: transitional epithelial cells arranged in layers. • Transitional “between, known shapes” ….kind of round. LOOK FOR: layers of roundish cells Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS form glands! The glands release oil, milk, sweat, saliva. What do you think the number of cells in the gland depends on? Simple duct structure Compound duct structure (duct does not branch) (duct branches) SWEAT GLANDS SALIVARY GLANDS Surface epithelium Duct Secretory epithelium Figure 4.5 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. EXOCRINE GLANDS EXOCRINE GLANDS Merocrine Glands: Release product By exocytosis into duct (example sweat) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Holocrine glands EXOCRINE GLANDS EXOCRINE GLANDS . Merocrine glands Secretory vesicles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Holocrine Glands: Whole cell breaks down and releases Product plus protein And lipids of cell wall Example: oil, milk UNUSUAL EXOCRINE GLAND: A single Goblet cell uses exocytosis to MUCOUS into trachea and intestines Secretory vesicles containing mucous (a) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Figure 4.4 ENDOCRINE glands are also made of ET. • ENDOCRINE gland cells release their product directly into the blood (adrenal glands, thyroid gland). That’s why you react to fear so quickly! To be covered next semester…. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.