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Mr. Nichols
HUMAN HISTOLOGY
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Four major tissue categories by function
Nervous tissue (for communication)
Muscle tissue (for contraction)
Epithelial tissue (to cover organs or line hollows)
Connective tissue (between other tissues, or
strength)
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Figure 4.1
24 specific tissue types.
How many in each category?
Are any familiar?
NERVOUS TISSSUE
Nervous Tissue
MUSCLE TISSUES
Cardiac MT
Skeletal MT
Smooth MT
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple squamous ET
Simple cuboidal ET
Simple columnar ET
Pseudostratified columnar ET
Stratified squamous ET
Stratified cuboidal ET
*Stratified columnar ET
Transitional ET
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Areolar CT
Adipose CT
Blood CT
Dense Irregular CT
Dense Regular CT
Elastic CT
Elastic Cartilage CT
Fibrocartilage CT
Hyaline Cartilage CT
Osseous CT, compact
Osseous CT, spongy
Reticular CT
MT= MUSCLE TISSUE
ET= EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CT= CONNECTIVE TISSUE
NT= NERVOUS TISSUE
*very uncommon, no images shown in class
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How do you name the Epithelial tissues?
1. Ask “How many layers does it have”?
Apical surface
Basal surface
Simple
Apical surface
Basal surface
Stratified
(a) Classification based on number of cell layers.
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Figure 4.2a
How do you name the Epithelial tissues?
2. Ask “What are the shapes of the cells”?
Squamous
Cuboidal
transitional
Columnar
Figure 4.2b
(b) Classification based on cell shape.
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Put the two names together into
Epithelial Tissues (8 kinds)
• Simple squamous ET
• Simple cuboidal ET
• Simple columnar ET
Simple
arrangement
of cells
• Pseudostratified columnar ET
• Stratified squamous ET
• Stratified cuboidal ET
• Stratified columnar ET
• Transitional ET
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Stratified
arrangement
of cells
Overview of Epithelial Tissues
• For each of the following types of epithelia,
you must learn
• To recognize the tissue
• Full tissue name
• Cell names
• Locations in the body
• Functions in the body
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Description: Single layer of flattened
cells
Air sacs of
lung tissue
Function: Thinness of cells allows
dffusion of particles through the cells.
Cells covering organs secrete a
slippery fluid
Nuclei of
squamous
epithelial
cells
Location:
air sacs of lungs; lining of heart,
lining blood vessels, lining
body cavity (serosae).
Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium
forming part of the alveolar (air sac) walls (125x).
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Figure 4.3a
• Location here: lining air pockets in lungs
• Other places: lining blood vessels, covering
organs or lining cavities in the body.
• Cells: squamous epithelial cells
• Function: a thin cell for gas diffusion, a
slippery smooth surface
• LOOK FOR: a very thin layer of cells covering
or lining something.
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(b) SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Description: Single layer of
cubelike cells with large,
spherical central nuclei.
cuboidal
epithelial
cell
Function: Secretion and
Absorption (such a when
making urine.
urine
Basement
membrane
Location: ex. Kidney TUBES
Surrounding urine.
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal
epithelium in kidney tubules (430x).
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Figure 4.3b
(b) SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Description: Single layer of
cubelike cells with large,
spherical central nuclei.
Simple
cuboidal
epithelial
cells
Function: Secretion and
Absorption (such a when
making THYOID HORMONE.
Location: covering ball of
Thyroid hormone in thyroid
gland
Basement
membrane
Thyroid hormone
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal
epithelium in kidney tubules (430x).
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Figure 4.3b
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue,
wraps the thyroid hormone into small bags
in the thyroid gland
Analogy:
As if shapes on the
Soccer balls were
cells, and inside the
ball is thyroid
hormone
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• Locations : forming ducts in kidney and of
forming follicles (bags) of thyroid hormone.
• Cells: cuboidal epithelial cells
• Function:
• Absorbs and secretes fluids
• LOOK FOR: a single layer of cube shaped
cells making up part of an organ.
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(c) SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Description: Single layer of tall cells
Most have microvilli. Some cells
may release mucous (Goblet cells).
Function: Absorption; secretion of
mucus, enzymes, and other substances;
food
Simple
columnar
epithelial
cell
Location: lines most of
the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal),
gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some
glands;
Basement
membrane
Photomicrograph: Simple columnar epithelium
of the stomach mucosa (860X).
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Figure 4.3c
• Location here: lines intestine
• Cells: columnar epithelial cells, (and goblet
cells)
• Function: absorbs nutrients (goblet cells
release mucous)
• Specializations: microvilli
• LOOK FOR: a single layer of column shaped
cells on a wavy surface.
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(d) PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Description: Single layer of cells of
differing heights, some not reaching
the free surface; nuclei seen at
different levels; may contain mucussecreting cells and bear cilia.
Cilia
Mucus of
mucous cell
Pseudostratified
epithelial
layer
Function: Secretion, particularly of
mucus; propulsion of mucus by
ciliary action.
Location: ciliated variety lines
the trachea, most of the upper
respiratory tract.
Trachea
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Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (570x).
Basement
membrane
Figure 4.3d
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue
• Location: lines trachea (windpipe)
• Cells: columnar epithelial cells, (and goblet
cells)
• Function: move mucous up throat with cilia
(goblet cells make mucous)
• Cell specializations: cilia
• LOOK FOR: what looks like a double layer of
column shaped cells with a fringed edge.
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(e) NON KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Description: Thick membrane
composed of several cell layers;
Of a variety of shapes. Top layer
Of cells are SQUAMOUS.
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Function: Protects underlying
tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
Nuclei
Location: Nonkeratinized type forms
the moist linings of the esophagus,
mouth, and vagina;
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium
lining the esophagus (285x).
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Figure 4.3e
(e) KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Description: Thick membrane
composed of several cell layers;
Of a variety of shapes. Top layer
Of cells are SQUAMOUS. WITH LAYER
OF EXFOLIATING SKIN.
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Function: Protects underlying
tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
Location: keratinized variety
forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry
membrane.
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium
lining the esophagus (285x).
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Figure 4.3e
• Location here: lining esophagus
• Function: covering and lining entrances to body to resist
pathogens and abrasion
• Cells: squamous epithelial cells
• Specializations: desmosomes, tight junctions, keratin
• LOOK FOR: many layers of cells
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
Sweat gland
Cuboidal epithelial cells
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
• Location here: forming sweat glands in skin
• Function: secretes sweat onto skin surface
• Cells: cuboidal epithelial cells (blue cubes)
arranged in circle they become a sweat gland.
(red circle)
• LOOK FOR: the round sweat glands with
more than one layer of cube shaped cells.
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Stratified Columnar epithelial tissue
• Cells: columnar epithelial cells
• Location: lining pharynx, male urethra
• NO IMAGE
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(f) TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Description: Resembles both
stratified squamous and stratified
cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or
columnar; surface cells dome
shaped or squamouslike, depending
on degree of organ stretch.
Transitional
epithelium
Function: Stretches readily and
permits distension of urinary organ
by contained urine.
Location: Lines the ureters, urinary
bladder, and part of the urethra.
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Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining the urinary
bladder, relaxed state (360X); note the bulbous, or rounded,
appearance of the cells at the surface; these cells flatten and
become elongated when the bladder is filled with urine.
Figure 4.3f
• Location here: lining bladder
• Function: allows stretching, cells slide over
each other as bladder expands, then slide
back into place as bladder empties
• Cells: transitional epithelial cells arranged
in layers.
• Transitional “between, known shapes” ….kind of
round.
LOOK FOR: layers of roundish cells
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CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS form glands!
The glands release oil, milk, sweat, saliva.
What do you think the number of cells in the gland depends on?
Simple duct structure
Compound duct structure
(duct does not branch)
(duct branches)
SWEAT
GLANDS
SALIVARY
GLANDS
Surface epithelium Duct
Secretory epithelium
Figure 4.5
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EXOCRINE GLANDS
EXOCRINE GLANDS
Merocrine
Glands:
Release product
By exocytosis
into duct
(example sweat)
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Holocrine
glands
EXOCRINE GLANDS
EXOCRINE GLANDS
.
Merocrine glands
Secretory
vesicles
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Holocrine Glands:
Whole cell breaks
down and releases
Product plus protein
And lipids of cell wall
Example: oil, milk
UNUSUAL EXOCRINE GLAND:
A single Goblet cell uses exocytosis to
MUCOUS into trachea and intestines
Secretory
vesicles
containing
mucous
(a)
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(b)
Figure 4.4
ENDOCRINE glands are also made of ET.
• ENDOCRINE gland cells release their product
directly into the blood (adrenal glands,
thyroid gland). That’s why you react to fear so
quickly! To be covered next semester….
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