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Hormones that Affect Blood Sugar Pancreatic Hormones • Produced in the islets of Langerhans. – Beta (β) cells produce insulin. – Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon. Hormonal Response to High Blood Sugar • ↑ blood sugar = release of insulin. • Causes muscle, liver and other body cells to become permeable to glucose. • Glucose stored as glycogen. • Result = ↓ blood sugar. Hormonal Response to Low Blood Sugar • ↓ blood sugar = release of glucagon. • Promotes breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which is released into the blood. • Result = ↑ blood sugar. QUESTION 1 What happens when the body does not produce insulin or the receptors no longer responds to insulin? Diabetes • Type I Diabetes (Insulin Dependent): – Early degradation of beta cells. – Unable to produce insulin. • Type II Diabetes (Non-Insulin Dependent): – Decreased insulin production or ineffective use of insulin. – Controlled with diet, exercise and oral drugs. Suffer from hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). QUESTION 2 If glucose is not taken into body cells, how does the body produce energy? Diabetes • Absence of insulin means little or no glucose in body cells. – Cells metabolize fats and proteins for energy. QUESTION 3 If a person has very high blood sugar, how does this impact filtration? QUESTION 4 With respect to kidney function and water balance, what happens when glucose reabsorption does not occur? Diabetes • Kidneys are unable to reabsorb all of the blood glucose, so excess glucose appears in urine. • People with untreated diabetes are thirsty. Why? Try This! Describe why a person with untreated diabetes would urinate frequently. Refer to the two osmotic gradients in urine formation in your answer. Adrenal Glands • Each composed of two glands. 1. Adrenal medulla short-term stress. 2. Adrenal cortex long-term stress. Adrenal Medulla • Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). • “Fight-or Flight Response”. – ↑ blood sugar (glycogen glucose). – ↑ HR, breathing rate & cell metabolism. – Dilation of blood vessels. – Pupil dilation. Adrenal Cortex • Produces 3 types of hormones: – Glucocorticoids. – Mineralcorticoids. – Sex hormones. Adrenal Cortex • Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol): – ↑ blood amino acids. • Converted to glucose. • Repairs damaged tissues. – Fats broken down into fatty acids to ↑ available energy. – ↓ insulin to ↓ blood glucose uptake (except brain). Fight or Flight and Blood Sugar Why block insulin during fight-or-flight response? Hormones that Affect Metabolism Two Major Glands • Thyroid Gland • Parathyroid Gland Thyroid Gland • Thyroxine (T4) • Triiodothyronine (T3) – Both need iodine to be made. – Used to oxidize sugar and other nutrients. – More T4 in the blood will “boost metabolism” Hypothyroid or Hyperthyroid If the thyroid gland produces T4 and T3, hormones that regulate metabolism, what would happen if: a) The thyroid stopped producing T4 and T3? (hypothyroidism) b) The thyroid could not stop producing T4 and T3? (hyperthyroidism) Calcitonin Calcitonin is also released by the thyroid, and it counter-acts parathyroid hormone (PTH) by: • Inhibiting Ca2+ absorption by the intestines • Increases Ca2+ reabsorption in the nephrons of the kidney Thyroid Negative Feedback Loop Acronyms: • TRH – Thyroid Releasing Hormone • TSH – Thyroid Stimulating Hormone What happens if the body lacks iodine? Goiter Parathyroid Glands • Four groups of cells on the thyroid gland. • Release a hormone called parathyroid hormone, or “PTH”. – PTH raises the calcium levels in the blood. Negative Feedback Human Growth Hormone (HGH) • Too much? - Giantism • Too little? - Dwarfism • Produced in and released from the anterior pituitary gland. Famous Example: How did Andre the Giant die? Human Growth Hormone • Cause cells to grow in size and in number. • Promotes protein synthesis. • Promotes the breakdown of fats. – ↑ GH, muscles use fatty acids as energy – Loss of fat during growth spurts Growth Hormone Doping? • Some athletes believe that taking human growth hormone supplements will increase their athletic performance. – In small groups, look up the practice of “doping” with human growth hormone. Come to a consensus about whether or not this practice is safe. Be prepared to back up your stance with evidence.