* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 13 Physiologicoanatomical peculiarities of endocrine system
Survey
Document related concepts
History of catecholamine research wikipedia , lookup
Polycystic ovary syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Menstrual cycle wikipedia , lookup
Cryptorchidism wikipedia , lookup
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy wikipedia , lookup
Neuroendocrine tumor wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female) wikipedia , lookup
Mammary gland wikipedia , lookup
Breast development wikipedia , lookup
Xenoestrogen wikipedia , lookup
Adrenal gland wikipedia , lookup
Hyperthyroidism wikipedia , lookup
Hyperandrogenism wikipedia , lookup
Endocrine disruptor wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Physiologic anatomical peculiarities of endocrine system in children. Methodics of endocrine glands investigation. Semiotics of hypo- and hyperfunction of some endocrine glands and diseases of the endocrine system. By Nykytyuk S The endocrine glands consist of 1.Hypotalamus 2.Hypophysis 3.the epiphysis 4.the thyroid gland 5.the parathyroid glands 6.the thymus 7.the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas 8.the adrenal glands 9.the gonads (testis and ovaries) The main function of the endocrine system 1.to take an active part in metabolism 2.influence on water-mineral metabolism 3.influence on growth and development of a child 4.regulation of differentiation of tissues 5.ensuration of adaptation of the organism to its enviroment embriology Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal-begin to function during the intrauterine period The hypophysis is organized at 4 weeks of gestation Starts to secrete ACTH at 9-10 weeks Close relationship between functions of the endocrine system and those of the hypotalamus Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testis The hypotalamus regulates activity The hypotalamus regulates activity of the hypophysis by producing neurohormones (releasing hormones). Some of them activate and others inhibit secretion of trophic hormones of the hypophysis Endocrine glands and the hormones secreted 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hypothalamus produces Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Somatostatin (SS; also GHIH, growth factor-inhibiting hormone) Dopamine (DA) 1. Pineal Gland produces Melatonin Pineal gland The pineal gland is a reddish-gray body about the size of a pea (8 mm in humans), located just rostrodorsal to the superior colliculus and behind and beneath the stria medullaris, between the laterally positioned thalamic bodies. It is part of the epithalamus. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis, including trophic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. It is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence. Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The anterior pituitary produces and secretes: growth hormone prolactin follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone endorphins and other hormones It does this in response to releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus. These travel to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system, called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system. These hypothalamic signalling hormones include: TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) DA (dopamine, "prolactin inhibiting factor"/PIF) GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) In new born period Concentrations of ACTH, CTG, and TSH are high, later they decrease Late school period Concentrations of luteal and follicle-stimulating hormones increases Hypofunction of the hypophysis Causes pituitary nanism (dwarfism) Hyperfunction of hypophysis – (hyperpituitarism) Pituitary gigantism and acromegaly Hypofunction of the adrenohypophysis Hypophyseal cachexia, Simmonds disease Prolactin Prolactin is a peptide hormone synthesised and secreted by lactotrope cells in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland). It is also produced in other tissues including the breast and the decidua. Pituitary prolactin secretion is regulated by neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamus, most importantly by neurosecretory dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus, which inhibit prolactin secretion. Disease States Relative elevations In children with precocious puberty of pituitary or central origin, LH and FSH levels may be in the reproductive range and not at the low levels typically for their age. High LH levels Persistently high LH levels are indicative of situations where the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to an unrestricted pituitary production of both, LH and FSH. While this is typical in the menopause, it is abnormal in the reproductive years. There it may be a sign of: 1. Premature menopause 2. Gonadal dysgenesis, Turner syndrome 3. Castration 4. Swyer syndrome 5. Certain forms of CAH 6. Testicular failure Deficient LH activity Diminished secretion of LH can result in failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism). This condition is typically manifest in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm. In females, amenorrhea is commonly observed. Conditions with very low FSH secretions are: 1. Kallmann syndrome 2. Hypothalamic suppression 3. Hypopituitarism 4. Eating disorder 5. Hyperprolactinemia 6. Gonadotropin deficiency Growth hormone Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) is a polypeptide hormone synthesised and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans Examination of hypophysis 1. laboratory investigatios of the level of hypophysis hormones 2.R-graphy of the cranial Turkish saddle 3.CT of the brain Thyroid The thyroid (from the Greek word for "shield", after its shape) is one of the larger endocrine glands in the body. It is a double-lobed structure located in the neck and produces hormones, principally thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. The hormone calcitonin is also produced and controls calcium blood levels. Iodine is necessary for the production of both hormones. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) are the most common problems of the thyroid gland. Thymus The thymus plays an important role in the development of the immune system in early life, and its cells form a part of the body's normal immune system. It is most active before puberty. The thymus of a full-time fetus, exposed in situ. Immature thymocytes undergo a process of selection, based on the specificity of their T cell receptors. This involves selection of T cells that are functional (positive selection), and elimination of T cells that are autoreactive (negative selection). Cells that pass both levels of selection are released into the bloodstream to perform vital immune functions. Pancreas The pancreas is an organ in the digestive and endocrine system that serves two major functions: exocrine (producing pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin). Pancreas 1: Head of pancreas 2: Uncinate process of pancreas 3: Pancreatic notch 4: Body of pancreas 5: Anterior surface of pancreas 6: Inferior surface of pancreas 7: Superior margin of pancreas 8: Anterior margin of pancreas 9: Inferior margin of pancreas 10: Omental tuber 11: Tail of pancreas 12: Duodenum There are four main types of cells in the islets of Langerhans. beta cells-Insulin and Amylin alpha cells-Glucagon Deltacells-Somatostatin PP cells-Pancreatic polypeptide 50-80% lower blood sugar 15-20%raise blood sugar 3-10%inhibit endocrine pancreas 1%inhibit exocrine pancreas Insulin The structure of insulin. The lefthand side is a space-filling model of the insulin monomer, believed to be biologically active. Carbon is green, hydrogen white, oxygen red, and nitrogen blue. On the righthand side is a cartoon of the hexamer, believed to be the stored form. A monomer unit is highlighted with the A chain in blue and the B chain in cyan. Yellow denotes disulfide bonds, and magenta spheres are zinc ions. Insulin Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold symmetry, the zinc ions holding it together, and the histidine residues involved in zinc binding. Insulin (from Latin insula, "island ", as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Apart from being the primary effector in carbohydrate homeostasis, it has effects on fat metabolism and it can change the liver's ability to release fat stores. Insulin's concentration has extremely widespread effects throughout the body. Glucose test The World Health Organization recognizes three main forms of diabetes: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes (or type 3, occurring during pregnancy)[1], although these three "types" of diabetes are more accurately considered patterns of pancreatic failure rather than single diseases. Endemic cretinizm Hypotyrosis congenital Thyroid \\ crisis\\ 1.AN ACUTE ONSET OF HYPERTHERMIA, 2.TACHYCARDIA 3.RESTLESSNESS Hypotyrosis congenital Laboratory investigation Newborns screening for T4 TSH X-ray delayed bone development ECG depressed P and T waves and QRS complex,low voltage Hyperthyroidism Appear in the school period 1.Emotional lability 2.tremor 3.increased appetite 4.loss of body weight 5.exophthalmos 6.eyelid leg 7.sweating and tachycardia Laboratory investigation T4 and T3 elevated X-ray of bones: osteoporosis and bones resorption hypoparathyroidism Muscle pains, Cramps, Numbness, tingling and convulsions The teeth are soft and erupt late Dry and scaly skin Cataracts may occurs Laboratory findings 1.low calcium 2.elevatedphosphorus, 3.low vitamin D, 4,Low PTH X-ray ;increased metaphyseal thickening ECG:prolonged QT interval Glucocorticoids function Affect tissue metabolism Increase protein and glucogen content in the liver Influence the immune and nervous systems Adrenal medulla secretes Catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine epinephrine Cushing s syndrome Etiology: Adrenocortical tumor, ACTH-dependent bilateral hyperplasia Pituitary adenoma Abnormal production of ACTH Clinical manifestation: Moon face, a double chin, a buffalo hump, obesity, masculinization, hypertrichosis on the face and trunk, acne, clitoral enlargement, impaired growth and hypertension. Cortisol excess. Cortisol excess as a result of organic causes or of prolonged cortisone therapy also has an adverse effect on growth in children. Ovary Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. They are part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in females are homologous to testes in males. The term gonads refers to the ovaries in females and testes in males. Testicle The testicles, or testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands. Male mammals have two testicles, which are often contained within an extension of the abdomen called the scrotum. Grows of thyroid cartilage Phase No signs of grows Lо Beginning of cartilage projectionL1 Distinct projection of Adam’s-appleL2 Change of voice timbre Phase Childish voiceVо Mutation (creaking)of voice V1 Male timble of voiceV2