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Introduction to Health Science The Endocrine System General Functions of the Endocrine System • Made up of glands that release their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream • Response of hormones is slower and longerlasting than those of nerve impulses – Effects may last up to several hours or days • Hormones help to regulate important processes throughout the body – – – – Growth Development Maturation Regulation of chemicals and metabolism Learning Log-Split ‘em and Hit ‘em • Where is it located? • What hormones does it release? • What are the effects of the hormones on the body? – Pituitary Gland – Thyroid/Parathryoid Gland – Pancreas – Adrenal Gland Pituitary Gland • Small pea-shaped gland – Hangs from the underside of the brain • Often referred to as the “Master Gland” – Produces many of the body’s hormones Hormones Produced by the Pituitary Gland • Growth Hormone (GH) – Produced by the anterior pituitary gland – Stimulates the production of proteins and growth in body cells • Oxytocin – Stored in posterior pituitary gland – Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth – Helps to release milk from the milk ducts of nursing mothers Thyroid Gland • Bow-tie shaped gland • Located in the neck just below the larynx and around the upper part of the trachea – Thyroxine • Produced by the thyroid which affects nearly all the cells of the body • Regulates metabolic rates – The ability of cells to convert food to energy through cellular respiration Parathyroid Gland • Four glands located next to the thyroid gland • Parathormone – Controls use of calcium • Bone growth • Muscle tone • Nervous activity Pancreas • Fish-shaped gland – Located behind the stomach • Considered to be an endocrine gland when it produces hormones – Also a part of the digestive system when it produces digestive enzymes Hormones Produced by the Pancreas • Insulin – Released when the blood sugar (glucose) is high – Helps the body cells to move glucose into the cells – Helps the liver and muscle to convert glucose into glycogen – Helps to convert excess glucose to fat which is then stored • Glucagon – Released when the blood sugar (glucose) is low – Helps to break down the glycogen in the liver and the muscles – Helps the body cells to expel glucose into blood – Raises blood glucose levels Adrenal Glands • Two triangular-shaped glands that sit on top of each kidney Cortisol • Helps to control the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins • It is known as the stress hormone and is released during times of continuous stress • A negative aspect is that it suppresses the action of the white blood cells – Makes a person more susceptible to illness Adrenaline • Also known as epinephrine • Makes up 80% of the secretions from the adrenal medulla • Helps regulate the stress (sympathetic) response or “fight or flight” Noradrenaline • Also known as norepinephrine • Released from the adrenal medulla, or the middle section • Makes up 20% of the secretions from the adrenal medulla • Helps to regulate the stress (sympathetic) response or the “fight or flight” The Sympathetic Response • • • • • increased heart rate increased breathing rate increased blood flow to the muscles increased blood pressure increase in the depth of breathing increasing oxygen intake • release of extra glucose for more energy • sweaty hands and palms Ovaries • Found only in women • Two hormones – Estrogen • Produces female characteristics • Initiates female bodily functions – Progesterone • Affects endometrial lining of uterus Testes • Only found in men • Testosterone – Controls • Growth of body hair and beard • Body size • Deepening of voice Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System • • • • • • Type I Diabetes Mellitus Type II Diabetes Mellitus Gigantism Dwarfism Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Type I Diabetes Mellitus • Lifelong disease that occurs when pancreas does not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar • Without insulin, glucose increases in the bloodstream instead of going into the body cells where it can be used for energy – Leads to increased hunger – Mostly incurable Type II Diabetes Mellitus • Lifelong disease marked by high levels of glucose in the blood that occurs when the body does not respond correctly to insulin • In other words, glucose cannot enter the body cells to be used in energy production – They produce enough insulin but the body doesn’t respond to it • The most common form of diabetes – Sometimes curable Gigantism • Hypersecretion or overproduction of the growth hormone during childhood • Results in a person who grows to a very large size • May be caused by a non-cancerous tumor of the pituitary gland Dwarfism • Hyposecretion or underproduction of the growth hormone during childhood • Results in a small person of normal proportions • May be present at birth or develop as a result of brain injury, tumor, or other medical condition Hypothyroidism • Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormone. – May result in mental retardation and stunted growth. – Cretinism (early onset, infants & young children). – Myxedema (later onset). Hyperthyroidism • Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormones. – Symptoms include weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness, restlessness, increased sweating and protruding eyes. – Treatment may include removal of the thyroid with radiation or surgery and replacement of thyroid hormones.