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Endocrine System Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Endocrine System Primary function: produce ____________ ► Works together with __________ system to maintain ____________ ► Hormones act on specific target cells to produce specific effects ► No _________ ► Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Endocrine System vs. Nervous System Characteristic General Function Reaction to stimuli Duration of effect Target tissue Chemical messenger Endocrine System Nervous System Maintain homeostasis Maintain homeostasis slow rapid long short entire body muscles and glands hormone neurotransmitter Messenger producing cell endocrine gland neurons Distance to target cells long (via bloodstream) short (across synaptic space) Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Exocrine/Endocrine Glands Gland Pancreas Ovary Testes Kidney Exocrine Endocrine digestive enzymes insulin, glucagon egg estrogen, progesterone sperm testosterone urine erythropoietin Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ► ► Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands Secreted into interstitial fluid and absorbed into blood vessels Hormones Contact all cells in body ► Produce effects only on cells containing specific receptors __________ cell ‘Lock and key’ arrangement causes a change in activity of target cell ► Growth hormone—all cells ► Prolactin—mammary tissue Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Control of Hormone Secretion ___________ feedback systems (like a thermostat) ► If hormone level is low: Appropriate endocrine gland is stimulated to produce more hormone ► Once adequate hormone concentration is attained in the bloodstream: Stimulation of endocrine gland is reduced and production of the hormone is stopped/reduced Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Control of Hormone Secretion ► Direct stimulation from the nervous system Secretion of some hormones is stimulated by ________________ nerve impulses when an animal feels threatened. ► “Fight or flight" response Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Hypothalamus ► Part of _____________ section of brain ► Controls activities of pituitary gland Portal system of blood vessels links hypothalamus with anterior portion of pituitary gland ► Modified neurons in hypothalamus secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal blood vessels Specific for a particular anterior pituitary hormone Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Hypophyseal Portal System GHRH, GHIH (Don’t memorize) Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadaotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) PRH, PIH Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) Growth hormone Thyroid stim hormone (TSH) Follicle stim hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Melanocyte stim hormone (MSH) Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Hypothalamus ► Modified neurons in hypothalamus also secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin ► Transported to posterior pituitary (along neurons) for storage ► Released into the bloodstream by nerve impulses from hypothalamus Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ► Two separate glands with different structures, functions, and embryological origins Anterior pituitary _______hypophysis; rostral portion Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) ► Stimulated by hypothalamus (portal system) and direct (neg) feedback from target tissues to produce hormones Posterior pituitary _______hypophysis; caudal portion ► Stores and releases hormones produced in hypothalamus (oxytocin, ADH) Rostral Caudal Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Growth Hormone (GH) ► ► ► a.k.a. somatotropin and somatotropic hormone Promotes body growth in young animals Helps regulate metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in all body cells The effect of GH on protein metabolism is to encourage anabolism (synthesis of proteins by body cells) ► The effects of GH on carb and lipid metabolism are linked. ► While lipids are broken down via catabolism for energy production, the use of carbs (especially glucose) as energy sources is discouraged. Less glucose is removed from the blood and hyperglycemia occurs (hyperglycemic effect). Important for the body to maintain a balance between GH and insulin to control blood glucose levels. Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Prolactin ► Helps trigger and maintain __________ in females Secretion of milk by mammary glands ► Prolactin production continues as long as ________ are stimulated by nursing or milking ► When prolactin stimulation stops: Milk production stops Mammary gland shrinks to original/nonlactating size 1. Baby sucks/stimulates 2. ↓PIH, ↑PRH 3-4. Stimulates milk glands Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ThyroidStimulating Hormone (TSH) ► a.k.a. Thyrotropin/Thyrotropic ► Stimulates growth/development of thyroid gland and causes thyroid to produce its hormones. ► Secretion regulated by: Hormone Feedback (neg) from thyroid gland hormone ► Thyroid hormone levels too lowTSH production increases ► Thyroid hormone levels too highTSH production diminishes Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) ► Stimulates growth/development of adrenal cortex and the release of some of its hormones ► Regulated by: Release of CRF from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary through portal system Negative feedback from adrenal hormones and administered cortisones During sudden stress, ACTH can quickly be released after the hypothalamus is stimulated to send out ACTH- releasing factor (CRF/CRH) to the anterior pituitary via the portal system Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ►Females—stimulates growth/development of ovarian follicles – where oogenesis occurs ►Also stimulates the cells lining the follicles to produce/secrete ____________ ►Used to superovulate Males- stimulates __________________ in the testes FollicleStimulating Hormone (FSH) Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ► Completes follicle development in ovary ► Increasing amounts of estrogens feedback to the anterior pituitary and cause reduced production of FSH and increased production of LH ► LH levels reach a peak when follicle is fully mature Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Usually causes _______________ Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ► After ovulation, LH stimulates cells in empty follicle to multiply and develop into ________ __________(CL) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) CL produces progesterone necessary for maintenance of ______________ ► In males, LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce _______________ Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) ► Controls color changes in pigment cells (melanocytes) of reptiles, fish, and amphibians ► Administration of artificially large amounts of MSH to higher mammals can cause darkening of skin from melanocyte stimulation (↑ melanin) Effect at normal levels in mammals unknown Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ► ________(does NOT produce) two hormones produced in hypothalamus ______________ _________(ADH) and _______________ ► Transported from hypothalmus to post pituitary along axons and stored in nerve endings ► Periodically released into bloodstream in response to nerve impulses from hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Posterior pituitary Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Oxytocin ADH ► ► ► Helps prevent diuresis Receptors in hypothalamus detect changes in osmotic pressure (concentration) of blood (due to dehydration - hemoconcentration) Generates nerve impulses from hypothalamus- causes release of ADH ► ADH causes kidneys to reabsorb more water from urine and return it to bloodstream ► Urine then more concentrated ADH deficiency causes Diabetes ____________ (PU/PD occurs) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Oxytocin ► Effects on uterus: Causes ____________ of myometrium at breeding and at parturition Induces uterine contractions that aid transport of spermatozoa to oviducts Stimulates uterine contractions that aid in delivery of fetus and placenta ► Effect on active mammary glands: Stimulation of teat/nipple by nursing or milking causes oxytocin release into bloodstream Causes contraction of musclelike myoepithelial cells around mammary gland alveoli and small ducts Forces milk into lower parts of gland, making it accessible for nursing/milking (______ __________) Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Oxytocinpositive feedback Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.