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Body Systems Musculoskeletal System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Anatomy of the heart Circulation of blood Components of blood Pulse Blood Pressure Nervous System Digestive System Skin Function Layers Endocrine System Anatomical position Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Proximal Distal Medial Lateral Musculoskeletal System Skeleton Skull Houses and protects the brain Cranium: Orbit; Nasal Bone; Maxillae, upper jaw; Mandible, lower jaw; Zygomatic arches Houses and protects the brain Cranium: Orbit; Nasal Bone; Maxillae, upper jaw; Mandible, lower jaw; Zygomatic arches 7 Spine - 12 - 5 - 5 - 4 Cervicle-7; Thoracic-12; Lumbar-5; Sacral-5; coccyx-4 Thorax Ribs Sternum Illiac Crest Pelvis Ilium Pubis Ischium Acetabulum Ilium: Superior bone that contains the Iliac Crest; Pubis, anterior portion; Ischium, inferior/posterior portion; Acetabulum, socket of the hip joint Lower Extremities Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Medial and Lower mallelous Tarsals and metatarsals Calcaneus Phalanges Medial and Lower Mallelous; surface landmarks of the ankle joint Upper Extremities Clavicle Scapula Acromioclavicular Joint Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Carpals: Wrist Metacarpals: Hand Phalanges: Fingers Joints Bones connect to other bones Types: Ball and socket; Hinge Muscles Function Voluntary Involuntary Cardiac Function: Gives the body shape; provides for movement Voluntary Skeletal Attached to bone Form the major muscle mass Under control of the nervous system and brain Can be contracted and relaxed at your will Responsible for movement Involuntary Smooth Found in the GI tract, urinary system, blood vessels and bronchi Control the flow of blood Carry out the automatic muscular functions No direct control Respond to stretching, heat and cold Cardiac Found only in the heart Involuntary Own supply of blood; coronary artery system Can tolerate interruption for very short periods Automaticity: Ability of muscles to contract on their own RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Anatomy Physiology Infant and child anatomy considerations Pharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx: Area posterior to the nose Epiglottis Trachea Windpipe Cricoid Cartilage Lower portiion of the……. Larynx Voicebox Bronchi Subdivides into smaller air passages ending at the alveoli Lungs Diaphragm Respiratory Physiology how we breathe Inhalation Based on concentration of gasses or pressure. The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm moves slightly downward, the ribs move upward/outward and air flows into the lungs Exhalation Reverse the process The intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the size of the of the thoracic cavity Diaphragm moves upward Air flows out of the lungs Alveolar/capillary exchange Oxygen enter the alveoli during each inspiration Oxygen poor blood in the capillaries passes into the alveoli. Oxygen enters the capillaries as CO2 enters the alveoli Capillary/Cellular exchange Cells give up CO2, Capillaries give up O2 to the cells Infant and Child Anatomy Considerations Mouth and Nose Pharynx Trachea Cricoid Cartilege Diaphragm Mouth and nose; structures are smaller and more easily obstructed. Pharynx; tongue takes up proportionally more space. Trachea; softer and more flexible. Cricoid Cartilege; less developed and less rigid. Diaphragm; chest wall is softer, infants and children depend on the diaphragm for breathing Cardiovascular System Anatomy of the heart Circulation of the blood Composition of the blood Pulse Blood pressure Perfusion Anatomy of the heart Atria Ventricles One way valves Conductivity Arteries Coronary Aorta Pulmonary Artery Carotid Brachial Radial Posterior tibial: medial malleous Dorsalis Pedis; top of the foot Carry blood away from the heart Aorta: Largest artery; divides at the navel into the iliac arteries Carotid; major artery of the neck, supplies head with blood Arterioles Capillaries Veinules Veins Superior vena cavea Inferior vena cavea Pulmonary vein Composition of the Blood Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma; watery salty fluid that make up over half the volume of blood. Red and white blood cells and platelets are carried in the plasma Red Blood Cells, Erythrocytes; Gives blood its color, carries o2 to the tissues and co2 away from the tissues White blood cells; Fight infection Platelets; clotting Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Carry information from the body to the brain and spinal cord Motor Carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the brain Digestive System Function Organs of digestion Organs that assist in food breakdown Function Food travels through the body and is digested or broken down into absorbable forms Organs of Digestion Stomach Small intestine Stomach: Hollow organ; expands as it fills with food Small intestine: Hollow organ where food absorption takes place; Divided into 3 parts: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum Large Intestine; hollow organ; removes water from waste products Duodenum: Breakdown of food; Regulates the rate at which the stomach empties Jenunum: Absorbs nutrients Ileum: The function of the ileum is mainly to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum. Large Intestine Large Intestine; hollow organ; removes water from waste products Organs that assist in food breakdown Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen Appendix Liver: Solid organ; produces bile and breaks down fats Gallbladder: Stores bile from the liver Pancreas: Produces insulin Spleen: Solid organ; filters blood; hold significant quantities of blood Appendix Skin Function Layers Function: Protection; water balance; temperature regulation; excretion; shock absorption Layers: Epidermis; outermost most layer Dermis: Deeper layer of the skin; contains sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerve endings Subcutaneous: The third layer of human skin is called the subcutaneous (meaning “under the skin”) fatty layer. It is made up of fat cells, connective tissue, and blood vessels. It also contains hair roots, from which hair growth takes place. The fat in this layer supplies nutrients to the other two layers. It also cushions the body and protects it from the cold. Endocrine System Produces Hormones Interacts with many other body systems Hormones: Chemical Messengers ie insulin, epinephrine that help to regulate body functions and activities