Download The Overview of A&P

The Overview of A&P
Anatomy
• The study of the body
parts and their
relationship to each
other.
– Types of anatomy:
• Gross anatomy- Large
scale, visible, tangible.
Gross anatomy can be
broken up into regional,
systemic, and surface
anatomy.
Anatomy continued
• Microscopic anatomy involves the use of
the microscope due to the fact that the
structures being studied are too small to
see with the naked (unaided) eye.
• Developmental anatomy deals with
structural changes in an organism during
it’s lifespan.
Physiology
• Physiology explains the functions of the
body. Physiology explains how the body
works.
• Most subdivisions of physiology involve
focusing on a specific organ or body
system. For example cardiovascular
physiology involves explaining how the
heart and blood vessels work.
Complimentarity of Structure
and Function
• Anatomy and physiology can be taught as
two different subjects. However structure
always reflects function.
• The way structure reflects function is what
is meant by complimentarity of structure
and function.
Levels of Structural Organization
• Level one: Chemical level- comprised of
atoms that form molecules. These basic
components are like LEGO blocks that
build together to create more complicated
structure.
• Proteins, amino acids, and even water are
all a part of the construction of larger
structures such as organelles. These
organelles form together to build the
simplest living units.
Level Two: Cellular level
• The simplest living units are called cells.
For example: Erythrocytes, Osteocytes,
and Neurons.
Level Three: Tissue
• When many cells work together to
perform a specific function, they are called
tissue.
• Examples would be muscle tissues,
connective tissues, nerve tissues, and
epithelial tissues.
Level Four: Organ
• When groups of tissues come together to
perform a certain task, they form organs.
• Examples of Organs: Heart, Brain, Lungs.
Level Five: Organ Systems
• Organs that work
•
together to complete
a task are collectively
called organ systems.
Examples: Circulatory
system, Nervous
system.
Level Six: Organisms
• When organ systems work
interdependently, they form an organism.
• Examples: You…me…the dog…
Maintaining Life Functions
• The body is highly organized, meaning the
organ systems are each designed to a
specific function.
List of Necessary Life Functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness (irritability)
Digestion
Metabolism (all chemical reactions in the body cells)
Excrection
Reproduction
Growth
Survival
• When we talk about the body, we talk
about survival needs. The body must
maintain certain levels of:
– Nutrients
– Oxygen
– Water
– Body temperature
– Atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis
• The body’s ability to maintain relatively
internal conditions even though the
outside world changes around them.
Ways to maintain Homeostasis
• When the body senses a change in
homeostasis, it creates a homeostatic
imbalance. The body then tries to find a
way to get back into homeostatic control.
Receptors and Effectors
• Receptors- sensors that detect a change in
the body. That change is called a
stimulus.
• Effectors- Allows a response to be taken
to the stimulus.
Afferent and Efferent Pathways
• An afferent pathway is the path taken
when input received from a receptor is
sent to a control center.
• An efferent pathway is the pathway taken
but information sent by the control center
to an effector to correct the imbalance.
• (Figure 1.4 pg 9)
Negative Feedback loops
Positive Feedback Loop
Anatomical Position
• In anatomy, we use certain terminology as
guide words to help prevent
misunderstandings between each other.
Superior (cranial)
• Toward the head or
upper part of the
body.
Inferior (caudal)
• Away from the head
end or toward the
lower part of a
structure or the body;
below.
Ventral (anterior)
• Toward the front of
the body; in front of.
Dorsal (Posterior)
• Toward or at the back
of the body; behind
Medial
• Toward or at the
midline of the body;
on the inner side of.
Lateral
• Away from the
midline of the body;
on the outer side of
Intermediate
• Between more medial
and more lateral
structures
Proximal
• Closer to the origin of
the body part or the
point of attachment
of a limb to the body
trunk.
Distal
• Farther from the
origin of a body part
or the point of
attachment of a limb
to the body trunk.
Superficial (external)
• Toward or at the
body surface.
Deep (internal)
• Away from the body
surface; more internal
Body Region Terminology
• Axial Regions- Refers
to the head neck and
trunk.
• Appendicular regionrefers to the body
appendages and
limbs.
Body Planes
• Three main types:
– Frontal
– Sagittal (median)
– Transverse
Frontal
• Divides the body into
anterior and posterior
regions
Sagittal Region
• Divides the body into
left and right sides
Transverse Plane
• Divides the body into
upper and lower
halves.
Body Cavities
• There are many different cavities in the
human body. A cavity simply means a
hole. In A&P, that hole is often filled with
the organ the cavity is named after.
Body cavities
• Two Major body cavities:
– Dorsal- contains skull and spinal column.
– Ventral- chest, abdomen and pelvic region.
Membranes
• Membranes act as covers to organs.
Membranes, in most cases, are used for
protection, or to reduce friction.
Other important body cavities
• Oral and digestive cavities
• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities (joint cavities)
Serous Membrane
• A serous membrane is a double layered
membrane that provides a low friction
environment for organs in those cavities.
– Parietal serosa- the part of the membrane
that covers a cavity.
– Visceral serosa- the part of the membrane
that covers the organ.
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
• RUQ= Right upper
•
•
•
quadrant
LUQ= Left upper
quadrant
RLQ= Right lower
quadrant
LLQ= Left lower
quadrant
Abdominal Regions