Download Chapter 7 skeleton part I

Section 1: Axial Skeleton
• Axial skeleton
• Forms longitudinal axis of body
• Includes:
• Skull and associated bones
• Thoracic cage
• Vertebral column
• Various supplemental cartilages
• Typically 80 bones
• ~40% of bones in body
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Section 1: Axial Skeleton
• Axial skeleton
• Functions
• Protect (brain, spinal cord, and organs in ventral
cavity)
• Permit limited movement but strong and
reinforced with ligaments
• Provide attachment for muscles that
1. Adjust positions of head, neck, and trunk
2. Perform respiratory movements
3. Stabilize or position parts of appendicular skeleton
that support limbs
x
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The bones of the axial skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206
Cranium 8
Skull
Face
Skull and
associated 29
bones
Associated
bones
Auditory
ossicles 6
Hyoid
AXIAL
80
SKELETON
14
1
Sternum 1
Thoracic
25
cage
APPENDICULAR
126
SKELETON
(see Section 2)
Ribs
Costal
cartilages
(cartilages
of ribs)
24
Intervertebral
discs (cartilage)
Vertebrae 24
Vertebral
column 26
Sacrum
1
Coccyx
1
Figure 7 Section 1
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Module 7.1: Skull
• Skull
• 22 bones
• Cranium (8)
• Cranial bones that form the cranial cavity (fluid-filled
chamber that cushions and supports brain)
• Blood vessels, nerves, and membranes attach to brain
• Outer surface for muscles that move eyes, jaws, and head
• Facial bones (22)
• Protect and support entrances for digestive and respiratory
tracts
• Provide attachment for muscles controlling facial expression
and assist in manipulating food
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The 22 bones that form the skull, plus the seven
bones associated with the skull
FACE
SKULL
14
Maxillary bones 2
8
Occipital bone 1
Palatine bones
2
Parietel bones 2
Nasal bones
2
Inferior nasal
conchae
2
Frontal bone 1
Temporal bones 2
Zygomatic bones 2
Lacrimal bones
2
Vomer
1
Mandible
1
CRANIUM
Sphenoid
1
Ethmoid
1
ASSOCIATED BONES 7
(see Module 7.7)
Hyoid bone 1
Auditory ossicles
enclosed in
6
temporal bones
Figure 7.1
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The facial and cranial bones of the skull
Cranial Bones
Frontal
bone
Sphenoid
Parietal bone
Temporal
bone
Ethmoid
Occipital
bone
Figure 7.1
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Module 7.1: Skull
• Associated bones
• Six auditory ossicles in temporal bones
• Three ear bones on each side
• Hyoid bone connected to inferior surfaces of
temporal bones
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Module 7.1: Skull
• Joints (aka: articulations)
• Where two bones interconnect
• Called sutures in the skull
• Immovable
• Bones tied together with dense fibrous connective tissue
• Four major sutures
1. Coronal (frontal to parietal bones)
•
Calvaria (skullcap formed by frontal, parietal, and
occipital bones)
2. Squamous (temporal to parietal bones)
3. Sagittal (between parietal bones)
4. Lambdoid (occipital to parietal bones)
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The major sutures of the skull
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
Occipital
bone
Lambdoid suture
Lateral view of skull
Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Parietal bone
Sutural bone
Lambdoid suture
Occipital
bone
Posterior view of skull
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Figure 7.1
5
–
6
The bones of the skull in anterior view
Facial Bones
Nasal bone
Cranial Bones
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Lacrimal bone
Palatine bone
Sphenoid
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Ethmoid
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible
Figure 7.2
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Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Facial bones
• Nasal bones
• Support superior portion of bridge of nose
• Attached to cartilages of distal portion of nose
• Lacrimal bones
• Form part of medial wall of orbit (eye socket)
• Palatine bones
• Form posterior portion of hard palate and contribute to floor of
each orbit
• Zygomatic bones
• Contribute to rim and lateral wall of orbit
• Form part of cheekbone
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Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Facial bones (continued)
• Maxillae
• Support upper teeth
• Form inferior rim, lateral margins of external nares, upper jaw,
and most of hard palate
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Create turbulence in air entering nasal cavity
• Increase surface area to promote warming and humidification of
incoming air
• Vomer
• Forms inferior portion of bony nasal septum
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Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Cranial bones
• Frontal bone
• Forms anterior portion of cranium and roof of orbits
• Frontal sinuses secrete mucus that helps flush nasal
cavities
• Sphenoid
• Forms part of floor of cranium
• Unites facial and cranial bones
• Acts as crossbridge to strengthen skull
• Ethmoid
• Forms anteromedial floor of cranium and roof of nasal
cavity, and part of nasal septum and medial orbit wall
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Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Cranial bones (continued)
• Parietal bones
• Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of
cranium
• Occipital bone
• Contributes to posterior, lateral, and inferior
surfaces of cranium
• External occipital crest
• Helps stabilize vertebrae of neck
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Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Cranial bones (continued)
• Temporal bones
• Form part of lateral wall of cranium
• Articulate with facial bones and form articulations with
mandible
• Surround and protect sense organs of inner ear
• Attachment site for muscles closing jaw and moving head
• Mastoid process
• Attachment for muscles that rotate or extend head
• Styloid process
• Attached to ligaments supporting hyoid bone and tendons of
several muscles
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The bones of the skull in posterior view
Cranial Bones
Sagittal suture
Parietal bones
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Temporal bone
Squamous suture
Mastoid process
Styloid process
External occipital crest
Mandible
Figure 7.2
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Module 7.2 Review
a. Identify the facial bones.
b. Quincy suffers a hit to the skull that fractures
the right superior lateral surface of his cranium.
Which bone is fractured?
c. Identify the following bones as either a facial
bone or a cranial bone: vomer, ethmoid,
sphenoid, temporal, and inferior nasal conchae.
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Module 7.3: Lateral and medial aspects of skull
• Lateral aspect
• Mental protuberance (mentalis, chin)
• Attachment site for several facial muscles
• Mandibular angle
• Posterior, inferior corner of lower jaw
• Zygomatic process
• Articulates with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic
arch (cheekbone)
• External acoustic meatus
• Ends at tympanic membrane
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The skull in lateral view
Frontal squama (forehead)
Coronal
suture
Superior and inferior
temporal lines
Squamous part
(of temporal bone)
Squamous suture
Sphenoid
Parietal
bone
Frontal
bone
External
acoustic
meatus
Ethmoid
Lacrimal bone
Temporal
bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
processes
Lambdoid suture
Zygomatic
bone
Occipital
bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandible
Zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
Mental protuberance
Mandibular angle
Figure 7.3
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Module 7.4: Interior and inferior surface of skull
• Foramina (aka: passage ways, tunnels)
• Jugular foramen
• Between occipital and temporal bone
• Passage of jugular vein
• Foramen magnum
• Connects cranial cavity and vertebral canal
• In what bone?
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Module 7.4: Interior and inferior surface of skull
• Other features
• Mandibular fossa
• Inferior surface of temporal bone
• Articulation site with mandible
• Occipital condyles
• Articulation sites for first vertebra
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An inferior view of the skull
Zygomatic
bone
Frontal
bone
Palatine
bone
Maxilla
Vomer
Foramina
Foramen lacerum
Sphenoid
Foramen ovale
Zygomatic arch
Styloid process
Carotid canal
Mandibular fossa
Jugular foramen
Temporal bone
Occipital condyle
Stylomastoid foramen
Occipital
bone
Lambdoid suture
Foramen magnum
Inferior and superior
nuchal lines
External occipital crest
Figure 7.4
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1
The interior of the skull, as revealed by horizontal section
Nasal bones
Frontal bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Ethmoid
Sella turcica
Foramen rotundum
Sphenoid
Foramen lacerum
Temporal bone
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Carotid canal
Internal
acoustic meatus
Mastoid foramen
Jugular foramen
Parietal bone
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital bone
Internal occipital crest
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Figure 7.4
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Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes
•
Orbit
•
Contains eye
•
Formed by seven bones of the orbital complex
1. Frontal (roof)
2. Zygomatic (lateral wall)
3. Maxilla (most of floor)
4. Lacrimal (medial wall)
5. Ethmoid (medial wall)
6. Sphenoid (posterior wall)
7. Palatine (posterior wall)
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The bones of the orbital complex
Lacrimal fossa
Supra-orbital
margin
Supra-orbital notch
Frontal bone
Palatine bone
Ethmoid
Lacrimal sulcus
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Nasolacrimal canal
Zygomatic bone
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Intra-orbital
foramen
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Figure 7.6
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1
The bones of the nasal complex
Cranial
cavity
Frontal bone
Ethmoidal air cells
Orbit
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary sinus
Maxilla
Frontal
section
Mandible
Nasal cavities
Figure 7.6
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Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes
•
Nasal cavity bones
•
Superior wall
•
•
•
•
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Lateral walls
•
•
•
Maxillae
Lacrimal bones
Ethmoid
•
Inferior nasal conchae
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The bones that form and surround the nasal cavity, as
revealed by a sagittal section with
nasal septum removed
Frontal sinuses
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Superior nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
of palatine bone
Pterygoid plates
Maxilla
Hard palate
Figure 7.6
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Location of Sinuses
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Sphenoid
sinus
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
FigureFigure
8.8 8.8
• maxillary sinus fills maxillae bone
• larger in volume than frontal, sphenoid
8-29
and ethmoid sinuses
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Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull
bones
•
Mandible
•
Condylar process
•
•
Articulates with temporal bone at
temporomandibular joint
Coronoid process
•
•
Insertion point for temporalis muscle
Body
•
•
Horizontal portion of bone
Ramus
•
Ascending part that begins at mandibular angle
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The mandible in lateral view
Coronoid process
Teeth (molars)
Condylar process
Alveolar process
Mental foramen
Mandibular notch
Body of the mandible
Ramus of the mandible
Figure 7.7
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The medial surface of the mandible
Coronoid Condylar
process
process
Mylohyoid line
Head
Mandibular foramen
Alveolar
part
Position of the submandibular
salivary gland
Figure 7.7
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Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull
bones
•
Associated skull bones
•
Hyoid bone
•
Supports larynx
•
Attachment site for muscles of larynx, pharynx,
and tongue
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The hyoid bone
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body of the hyoid
Figure 7.7
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Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull
bones
•
Associated skull bones (continued)
•
Auditory ossicles
•
In middle ear within petrous portion of temporal
bone
•
Conduct sound wave vibrations from tympanic
membrane to hearing receptors of inner ear
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The auditory ossicles, bones associated
with the skull
SKULL
ASSOCIATED BONES 7
FACE
14
CRANIUM
8
Maxillary bones
2
Occipital bone
1
Palatine bones
2
Parietal bones
2
Nasal bones
2
Frontal bone
Inferior nasal
conchae
2
Zygomatic bones 2
Lacrimal bones
2
Vomer
1
Mandible
1
1
Temporal bones 2
Sphenoid
1
Ethmoid
1
Hyoid bone 1
Auditory ossicles
enclosed in
6
temporal bones
(see Chapter 15)
Figure 7.7
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The structures of the pelvis
Hip Bone
Sacrum
Ilium
Coccyx
Pubis
Ischium
L5
Iliac crest
Iliac
fossa
Ilium
Sacrum
Sacro-iliac joint
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Obturator foramen
Ischium
Pubic symphysis
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Figure 7.17
1
Module 7.17: Pelvis
•
Sexual differences in pelvic structure
•
Most related to adaptations for childbearing
•
Female (compared to male)
•
Generally smoother and lighter with less prominent markings
•
Enlarged pelvic outlet
•
Broader pubic angle, greater than 100°
•
Less curvature on sacrum and coccyx
•
Wider, more circular pelvic inlet
•
Relatively broad, low pelvis
•
Ilia project farther laterally but not as far superiorly
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The shapes of the pelvis in females and males
The pelvis of a female
The pelvis of a male
Female
Male
Ischial
spine
Ischial
spine
100°
or more
90°
or less
Figure 7.17
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