Download Chapter 1 ~ An Introduction to the structure and

Chapter 1 ~ An Introduction
to the structure and
function of the body
directional terms, definitions,
examples of usage
A and P defined
• The study of the human body's
structure is called anatomy.
• The various functions carried out by
the body's systems make up the
body's physiology.
Introduction to anatomy
and physiology
• Many people fail to understand the difference
between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the
study of the structure of body parts, whereas
physiology is the biological study of the function of
body parts.
• For example, the stomach is a J-shaped, pouchlike organ, whose walls have thick folds which
disappear as the stomach expands to increase its
capacity. This organ temporarily stores food,
secretes digestive juices, and passes on partially
digested food to the small intestine.
Levels of Organization
Atom-Molecule-Macromolecule-Cell-Tissue-OrganSystem-Organism
• Atom-submicroscopic particles that make up all matter in the
universe
• Molecule-formed by a group of atoms
• Organelle-tiny membranous structures that perform cell functions
• Tissue-composed of similar types of cells and performs a specific
function
• Organ-composed of several types of tissues and performs a
particular function
• Organ system-group of related organs working together
• Organism-a living thing
Anatomical directions
Anatomical directions
•
•
•
•
•
•
Superior and inferior
Anterior and posterior
Medial and lateral
Proximal and distal
Superficial and deep
Dorsal and ventral
superior and inferior
• Superior - Relatively higher or above in
relation to another structure.
Eg. The Eyebrows are superior to Eyes
• Inferior - Relatively lower in relation to
another structure.
Eg. The Eyes are inferior to the Eyebrows
anterior and posterior
• Anterior - Towards the front, or in front
of.
Eg. The Chest is anterior to the Back.
• Posterior - Towards the rear, or around
the back of.
Eg. The Back is posterior to the Chest.
medial and lateral
• Medial - Towards the midline in relation
to another structure.
Eg. The Navel is medial to the Hips.
• Lateral - Away from the midline in
relation to another structure.
Eg. The Hips are lateral to the Navel.
proximal and distal
• Proximal - Closer to the trunk or point
of origin in relation to another structure.
Eg.The Wrist is proximal to the Fingers.
• Distal - Further from the trunk or point
of origin in relation to another structure.
Eg. The Fingers are distal to the Wrist.
superficial and deep
• Superficial - Towards the outside of.
Eg. Skull is superficial to the Brain.
• Deep - Towards the inside of.
Eg. The Brain is deep of the Skull.
dorsal and ventral
• Dorsal - Relating to the Back.
Eg. The Posterior.
• Ventral - Relating to the Front.
Eg. Belly & Abdomen.
Anatomical p o s i t i o n s
• Anatomical Position- The body is in
an erect or standing posture with
arms at the side and face, toes, and
palms of hands pointing forward.
• Lying Supine – lying face up
• Lying Prone – lying face down
p o s i t i o n s
p l a n e s
When analyzing movements, we can observe each joint action through or
parallel to, a flat plane of motion. A helpful way to think of a plane is as a
large sharp razor, that slices the body or limb moving through it, in two.
sagittal
• This plane allows Anterio - Posterior
movements through it. The median (midsagittal) plane passes vertically through
the middle of the body, dividing it equally
into left and right halves.
• All other sagittal planes run parallel to this
median plane, but do not have to pass
through the body's midline (parasagittal).
• The median plane is merely one example
of a sagittal plane.
frontal or coronal plane
• A flat vertical plane passing through
the body from side to side, dividing it
into anterior and posterior halves.
• Movements along this plane will be
from side to side or (medio-lateral).
transverse plane
• A plane passing horizontally through
the body, dividing it into upper and
lower halves or (inferior & superior).
• Movements through this plane whilst
the body is in the anatomical
position will be horizontally (parallel
to the ground) towards and away
from the mid-sagittal plane.
Regions of the body
The body's parts can also be separated
into axial and appendicular portions.
• The axial parts include the head, neck,
and chest.
• The appendicular parts are the body's
limbs.
Different terms are used for the smaller
areas of the body and they are the
following:
Head
Cephalic-head
Cranial-skull
Frontal-forehead
Occipital-back of head
Oral-mouth
Nasal-nose
Ophthalmic-orbital, eyes
Descriptive terms for body
regions
Neck
Cervical-neck
Thorax (chest)
Pectoral-chest
Mammary-breast
Axillary-armpit
Vertebral-backbone
Costal-ribs
Descriptive terms for body
regions
Abdomen
Celiac-abdomen
Pelvic-lower portion of abdomen
Gluteal-buttock
Inguinal-groin
Groin-depressed region of
abdomen near thigh
Lumbar-lower back
Sacral-where vertebrae terminate
Perineal-region between anus
and external sex organs
Descriptive terms for body
regions
Limbs (arms and legs)
Brachial-upper arm
Forearm-lower arm
Carpal-wrist
Cubital-elbow
Palmar-palm
Lower limb-leg
Femoral-thigh
Popliteal-back of knee
Lower leg-distal to the knee
Pedal-foot
Cavities of the body
Cavities of the Body
•
The visceral, or internal organs are located in
one of two main cavities in the body, the dorsal
cavity and the ventral cavity.
•
Each of these can also be divided into two
additional parts. The dorsal cavity is divided
into the cranial cavity, which includes the brain
and skull, and the spinal cavity, which includes
the spinal cord.
•
The ventral cavity is split into the thoracic
cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
•
The thoracic cavity is divided by membranes
to form separate pleural cavities and the
pericardial cavity, which contains the heart.
Cavities of the Body
The mediastinum, a mass of tissues and organs,
divides the pleural cavities.
The diaphragm is a muscle that divides the
thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdominal cavity can be further split into the
upper abdominal and lower pelvic cavities. This
is where most of the digestive organs such as
the stomach and liver reside.
Finally, the abdominopelvic cavity can also be
split into the umbilical, lumbar, epigastric,
hypochondriac, hypogastric, and illiac cavities.
Name these
• Need more review,
go here
www.gen.umn.edu/
.../wa_cell_chem/
wa_body_cavities_
1.htm
9 regions of abdominopelvic
cavity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Rt hypochondriac
Epigastric
Lt hypochondriac
Rt lumbar
Umbilical
Lt lumbar
Rt iliac (inguinal)
Hypogastric
Lt iliac (inguinal)
4 quadrants of the
abdominopelvic cavity
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rt upper
Lt upper
Rt lower
Lt lower
Chapter 3 Organ Systems of
the Body
Can you name the 11 organ
systems of the body? and
Describe the role of each system.
Integumentary System
External support and protection of
body.
Skeletal System
Internal support and protection;
body movement; production of
blood cells.
Muscular System
Body movement; production of
body heat.
Nervous System
Regulation of all body activities;
learning and memory.
Endocrine System
Secretion of hormones for
chemical regulation.
Respiratory System
Gaseous exchange between
external environment and blood.
Circulatory System
Transport of nutrients to body
cells; remove of wastes from cells
Lymphatic System
Digestive System
Immunity; absorption of fats;
drainage of tissue fluid.
Breakdown and absorption of food
materials.
Urinary System
Maintenance of volume and
chemical composition of blood.
Reproductive System
Production of sperm; transfer of
sperm to female reproductive
system.
references
• Insite fitness
www.insitefitness.com.au/.../
Anatomy/anatomy%20intro.html
• 2002 New Media Medicine
dissectionroom.com
• Winkler-Science
http://fulton.edzone.net/cites/winklerscience/winkler-science-menu.html