Download Organ Systems - Cloudfront.net

Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
1.1: Introduction
• Questions and observations that have led to
knowledge.
• Knowledge about structure and function of the
human body.
2
1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body
“The complementarity of structure and function.”
3
1.3: Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
4
Levels of Organization
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
6
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nervous system
7
Endocrine system
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cardiovascular system
8
Lymphatic system
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
9
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Organ Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10
Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
1.1 Clinical Application
• Ultrasound (US)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
11
1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;
releasing energy from foods
12
Characteristics of Life Continued
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
13
1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
14
Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
15
Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
16
Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point)
• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the
internal environment
17
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
(set point)
Receptors
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Response
18
(Change is corrected.)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
19
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
20
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
21
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• short-lived
• do not require continuous adjustments
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth
22
1.6: Organization
of the Human Body
Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Right pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(a)
(b)
23
Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
• Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
• Parietal perineum
• Visceral perineum
24
Serous Membranes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
25
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the
whole-body level.
Can you think of some examples?
26
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anatomical Position – standing
erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out
Integumentary system
27
Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
• Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal)
• Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal)
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
• Proximal versus Distal
• Superficial versus Deep
• Internal versus External
28
Body Sections or Planes
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right
portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and
inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior
portions
29
Body Sections
Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
30
Body Sections
(a)
(b)
(c)
31
Other Body Sections
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
Cross-section
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
(a)
(b)
(c)
32
Abdominal Subdivisions
Right
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right
iliac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Hypogastric Left
iliac
region
region
Right upper Left upper
quadrant
quadrant
(RUQ)
(LUQ)
Right lower Left lower
quadrant
quadrant
(RLQ)
(LLQ)
33
Body Regions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Buccal (cheek)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Occipital
(back of head)
Mental (chin)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Cubital (elbow)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Sacral (between hips)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
(a)
Digital (toe)
Plantar (sole)
(b)
34